7.3 Lignin as Reinforcing Filler for Soft Biocomposite
131
These results on lignin/NR biocomposites are still at the primitive stage, and further progress is mandatory. However, utilization and recycling of natural resources,
particularly those of carbon-containing materials, are of utmost importance for our
sustainable development on the earth [47, 48] and for the deacceleration of the global
warming [22–25], in particular. The utilization of lignin in rubber industries would
remain to be one of the most significant and promising topics among rubber engineers
through this century.
References
1. E.A. MacGregor, C.T. Greenwood, Rubber in lignin, in Polymer in Nature (Wiley, Chichester,
1980)
2. T.M. Garver, S. Sarkanen, Kraft lignin: a new perspective, in Renewable-Resource Materials:
New Polymer Sources, Chap. 23, ed. by C.E. Carraher Jr., L.H. Sperling (Plenum Press, New
York, 1986)
3. W.G. Glasser, S. Sarkanen, in Lignin: Properties and Materials. ACS Symposium Series, vol.
397 (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1989)
4. J.H. Lora, W.G. Glasser, J. Polym. Environ. 10, 39 (2002)
5. G. Gellerstedt, Ind. Crops Prod. 77, 845 (2015)
6. A. Kawaoka, K. Nanto, K. Sugita, S. Endo, K. Yamada-Watanabe, E. Matsunaga, H. Ebinuma,
Prog. Biotechnol. 18, 205 (2001)
7. J.J. Keilen, A. Pollak, Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 480 (1947)
8. J.J. Keilen, W.K. Dougherty, W.R. Cook, Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 163 (1952)
9. T.R. Griffith, D.W. MacGregor, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 380 (1953)
10. F.J. Tibenham, N.S. Grace, Ind. Eng. Chem. 46, 824 (1954)
11. Anon, Lignin filler for tires. Chem. Eng. News 35(June 3 issue), 28 (1957)
12. R. Mikawa, S. Wada, in Gosei Gomu Handobukku, ed. by S. Kanbara, K. Kawasaki, M.
Kitajima, M. Furuya (Asakura Shoten, Tokyo, 1960), p. 332 (in Japanese)
13. S. Yamashita, S. Kohjiya, in Wood Processing and Utilization, Chap. 23, ed. by J.F. Kennedy,
G.O. Phillips, P.A. Williams (Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989)
14. A. Kato, A. Tohsan, S. Kohjiya, T. Phakkeeree, P. Phinyocheep, Y. Ikeda, Manufacturing and
structure of rubber nanocomposites, in Progress in Rubber Nanocomposites, Chap. 12, ed. by
S. Thomas, H.J. Maria (Woodhead/Elsevier, Duxford, 2017)
15. J. Zakzeski, P.C.A. Bruijnincx, A.L. Jongerious, B.M. Weckhuysen, Chem. Rev. 110, 3552
(2010)
16. R. Orlando, S. Jean-Louis, Tappi J. 77, 123 (1994)
17. K. Amel, J. Ahmed, C. Moncef, Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 995 (2003)
18. A. Nadif, D. Hunkeler, P. K ¨
auper, Bioresour. Technol. 84, 49 (2002)
19. A. Gandini, M.N. Belgacem, Lignins as components of macromolecular materials, in
Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources, Chap. 11, ed.
by M.N. Belgacem, A. Gandini (Elsevier, Oxford, 2008)
20. G. Gellerstedt, P. Tomani, P. Axegård, B. Backlund, Lignin recovery and lignin-based products,
in Integrated Forest Biorefineries, Chap. 8, ed. by L.P. Christopher (RSC Pub., Cambridge,
2013)
21. V.K. Thakur, M.K. Thakur, P. Raghavan, M.R. Kessler, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2, 1072
(2014)
22. W.R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Institute for International Economics,
Washington, DC, 1992)
23. S. Solomon, G.-K. Plattner, R. Knutti, P. Friedlingstein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1704
(2009)
131
These results on lignin/NR biocomposites are still at the primitive stage, and further progress is mandatory. However, utilization and recycling of natural resources,
particularly those of carbon-containing materials, are of utmost importance for our
sustainable development on the earth [47, 48] and for the deacceleration of the global
warming [22–25], in particular. The utilization of lignin in rubber industries would
remain to be one of the most significant and promising topics among rubber engineers
through this century.
References
1. E.A. MacGregor, C.T. Greenwood, Rubber in lignin, in Polymer in Nature (Wiley, Chichester,
1980)
2. T.M. Garver, S. Sarkanen, Kraft lignin: a new perspective, in Renewable-Resource Materials:
New Polymer Sources, Chap. 23, ed. by C.E. Carraher Jr., L.H. Sperling (Plenum Press, New
York, 1986)
3. W.G. Glasser, S. Sarkanen, in Lignin: Properties and Materials. ACS Symposium Series, vol.
397 (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1989)
4. J.H. Lora, W.G. Glasser, J. Polym. Environ. 10, 39 (2002)
5. G. Gellerstedt, Ind. Crops Prod. 77, 845 (2015)
6. A. Kawaoka, K. Nanto, K. Sugita, S. Endo, K. Yamada-Watanabe, E. Matsunaga, H. Ebinuma,
Prog. Biotechnol. 18, 205 (2001)
7. J.J. Keilen, A. Pollak, Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 480 (1947)
8. J.J. Keilen, W.K. Dougherty, W.R. Cook, Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 163 (1952)
9. T.R. Griffith, D.W. MacGregor, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 380 (1953)
10. F.J. Tibenham, N.S. Grace, Ind. Eng. Chem. 46, 824 (1954)
11. Anon, Lignin filler for tires. Chem. Eng. News 35(June 3 issue), 28 (1957)
12. R. Mikawa, S. Wada, in Gosei Gomu Handobukku, ed. by S. Kanbara, K. Kawasaki, M.
Kitajima, M. Furuya (Asakura Shoten, Tokyo, 1960), p. 332 (in Japanese)
13. S. Yamashita, S. Kohjiya, in Wood Processing and Utilization, Chap. 23, ed. by J.F. Kennedy,
G.O. Phillips, P.A. Williams (Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989)
14. A. Kato, A. Tohsan, S. Kohjiya, T. Phakkeeree, P. Phinyocheep, Y. Ikeda, Manufacturing and
structure of rubber nanocomposites, in Progress in Rubber Nanocomposites, Chap. 12, ed. by
S. Thomas, H.J. Maria (Woodhead/Elsevier, Duxford, 2017)
15. J. Zakzeski, P.C.A. Bruijnincx, A.L. Jongerious, B.M. Weckhuysen, Chem. Rev. 110, 3552
(2010)
16. R. Orlando, S. Jean-Louis, Tappi J. 77, 123 (1994)
17. K. Amel, J. Ahmed, C. Moncef, Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 995 (2003)
18. A. Nadif, D. Hunkeler, P. K ¨
auper, Bioresour. Technol. 84, 49 (2002)
19. A. Gandini, M.N. Belgacem, Lignins as components of macromolecular materials, in
Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources, Chap. 11, ed.
by M.N. Belgacem, A. Gandini (Elsevier, Oxford, 2008)
20. G. Gellerstedt, P. Tomani, P. Axegård, B. Backlund, Lignin recovery and lignin-based products,
in Integrated Forest Biorefineries, Chap. 8, ed. by L.P. Christopher (RSC Pub., Cambridge,
2013)
21. V.K. Thakur, M.K. Thakur, P. Raghavan, M.R. Kessler, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2, 1072
(2014)
22. W.R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Institute for International Economics,
Washington, DC, 1992)
23. S. Solomon, G.-K. Plattner, R. Knutti, P. Friedlingstein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1704
(2009)