References
Akagi K (2009) Advances in liquid crystalline conjugated polymers. J Polym Sci Part A Polym
Chem 47:2463–2485
Baeg KJ, Binda M, Natali D, Caironi M, Noh Y-Y (2013) Organic light detectors: photodiodes and
phototransistors. Adv Mater 25:4267–4295
Ballauff M (1986) Phase equilibria in rodlike systems with flexible side chains. Macromolecules
19:1366–1374
Bridges CR, Ford MJ, Bazan GC, Sagalman RA (2017) Molecular considerations for mesophase
interaction and alignment of lyotropic liquid crystalline semiconducting polymers. ACS Macro
Lett 6:619–624
Brinkmann M (2007) Directional epitaxial crystallization and tentative crystal structure of poly
(9,9
0 -di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene). Macromolecules 40:7532–7541
Chen SH, Su AC, Chang CS, Chen HL, Ho DL, Tsao CS, Peng KY, Chen SA (2004) Aging of poly
(2-methoxy-5-(2
0 -ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)/toluene solutions and subsequent
effects on luminescence behavior of cast films. Langmuir 20:8909–8915
Chen C-Y, Chang C-S, Huang S-W, Chen J-H, Chen H-L, Su C-I, Chen S-A (2010)
Phase-separation-induced gelation of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)/methylcyclohexane solution.
Macromolecules 43:4346–4354
Chen L, Xie C, Chen Y (2014) Self-assembled conjugated polyelectrolyte–ionic liquid crystal
complex as an interlayer for polymer solar cells: achieving performance enhancement via rapid
liquid crystal-induced dipole orientation. Macromolecules 47:1623–1632
Dauendorffer A, Nagamatsu S, Takashima W, Kaneto K (2012) Optical and transport anisotropy
in poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-alt-bithiophene) films prepared by floating film transfer method.
Jpn J Appl Phys 51:055802
de Gennes PG, Prost J (1998) The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Flory PJ (1984) Molecular theory of liquid crystals. Adv Polym Sci 59:1–36
Fritz KP, Scholes GD (2003) Alignment of conjugated polymers in a nematic liquid-crystal host.
J Phys Chem B 107:10141–10147
Funahashi M, Shimura H, Yoshio M, Kato T (2008) Functional liquid-crystalline polymers for ionic
and electronic conduction. In: Kato T (ed) Liquid crystalline functional assemblies and their
supramolecular structures, vol 128. Springer, Berlin, pp 151–179
Guo X, Baumgarten M, Müllen K (2013) Designing π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics.
Prog Polym Sci 38:1832–1908
Hanack M, Lang M (1994) Conducting stacked metallophtalocyanines and related compounds.
Adv Mater 6:819–833
Jiang H, Taranekar P, Reynolds JR, Schanze KS (2009) Conjugated polyelectrolytes: synthesis,
photophysics, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:4300–4316
Khokhlov AR (1991) Theories based on the onsager approach. In: Ciferri A (ed) Liquid crystallinity
in polymers. VCH Publishers, New York, pp 97–129
Knaapila M, Monkman AP (2013) Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties
in polyfluorene solutions and gels. Adv Mater 25:1090–1108
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Horsburgh LE, Monkman AP, Serimaa R, Ikkala O, Subbotin A,
Torkkeli M, ten Brinke G (2003) Structure and phase equilibria of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod
supramolecules in the melt state. J Phys Chem B 107:14199–14203
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Lyons BP, Torkkeli M, Hase TPA, Serimaa R, Güntner R, Seeck OH,
Scherf U, Monkman AP (2005a) The influence of the molecular weight on the thermotropic
alignment and self-organized structure formation of branched side chain hairy-rod polyfluorene
in thin films. Macromolecules 38:2744–2753
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Lyons BP, Ikonen TP, Almásy L, Foreman JP, Serimaa R,
Güntner R, Scherf U, Monkman AP (2005b) Influence of molecular weight on the phase
11 Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymers
337
Akagi K (2009) Advances in liquid crystalline conjugated polymers. J Polym Sci Part A Polym
Chem 47:2463–2485
Baeg KJ, Binda M, Natali D, Caironi M, Noh Y-Y (2013) Organic light detectors: photodiodes and
phototransistors. Adv Mater 25:4267–4295
Ballauff M (1986) Phase equilibria in rodlike systems with flexible side chains. Macromolecules
19:1366–1374
Bridges CR, Ford MJ, Bazan GC, Sagalman RA (2017) Molecular considerations for mesophase
interaction and alignment of lyotropic liquid crystalline semiconducting polymers. ACS Macro
Lett 6:619–624
Brinkmann M (2007) Directional epitaxial crystallization and tentative crystal structure of poly
(9,9
0 -di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene). Macromolecules 40:7532–7541
Chen SH, Su AC, Chang CS, Chen HL, Ho DL, Tsao CS, Peng KY, Chen SA (2004) Aging of poly
(2-methoxy-5-(2
0 -ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)/toluene solutions and subsequent
effects on luminescence behavior of cast films. Langmuir 20:8909–8915
Chen C-Y, Chang C-S, Huang S-W, Chen J-H, Chen H-L, Su C-I, Chen S-A (2010)
Phase-separation-induced gelation of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)/methylcyclohexane solution.
Macromolecules 43:4346–4354
Chen L, Xie C, Chen Y (2014) Self-assembled conjugated polyelectrolyte–ionic liquid crystal
complex as an interlayer for polymer solar cells: achieving performance enhancement via rapid
liquid crystal-induced dipole orientation. Macromolecules 47:1623–1632
Dauendorffer A, Nagamatsu S, Takashima W, Kaneto K (2012) Optical and transport anisotropy
in poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-alt-bithiophene) films prepared by floating film transfer method.
Jpn J Appl Phys 51:055802
de Gennes PG, Prost J (1998) The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Flory PJ (1984) Molecular theory of liquid crystals. Adv Polym Sci 59:1–36
Fritz KP, Scholes GD (2003) Alignment of conjugated polymers in a nematic liquid-crystal host.
J Phys Chem B 107:10141–10147
Funahashi M, Shimura H, Yoshio M, Kato T (2008) Functional liquid-crystalline polymers for ionic
and electronic conduction. In: Kato T (ed) Liquid crystalline functional assemblies and their
supramolecular structures, vol 128. Springer, Berlin, pp 151–179
Guo X, Baumgarten M, Müllen K (2013) Designing π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics.
Prog Polym Sci 38:1832–1908
Hanack M, Lang M (1994) Conducting stacked metallophtalocyanines and related compounds.
Adv Mater 6:819–833
Jiang H, Taranekar P, Reynolds JR, Schanze KS (2009) Conjugated polyelectrolytes: synthesis,
photophysics, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:4300–4316
Khokhlov AR (1991) Theories based on the onsager approach. In: Ciferri A (ed) Liquid crystallinity
in polymers. VCH Publishers, New York, pp 97–129
Knaapila M, Monkman AP (2013) Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties
in polyfluorene solutions and gels. Adv Mater 25:1090–1108
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Horsburgh LE, Monkman AP, Serimaa R, Ikkala O, Subbotin A,
Torkkeli M, ten Brinke G (2003) Structure and phase equilibria of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod
supramolecules in the melt state. J Phys Chem B 107:14199–14203
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Lyons BP, Torkkeli M, Hase TPA, Serimaa R, Güntner R, Seeck OH,
Scherf U, Monkman AP (2005a) The influence of the molecular weight on the thermotropic
alignment and self-organized structure formation of branched side chain hairy-rod polyfluorene
in thin films. Macromolecules 38:2744–2753
Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Lyons BP, Ikonen TP, Almásy L, Foreman JP, Serimaa R,
Güntner R, Scherf U, Monkman AP (2005b) Influence of molecular weight on the phase
11 Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymers
337