16
1
tolerant and thus are less susceptible to damage. Woven fabrics are
produced by the interlacing of warp (0°) fibres and weft (90°) yarns
in a regular pattern or weave style. The fabric’s integrity is maintained by the mechanical interlocking of the fibres. Fabric is made
of yarns that have an inherent twist. The twists are of two types: ‘S’
and ‘Z’ . Ply is a strand of twisted fibres, and two, three, or more plies
form a yarn. ‘S’- type twist has comparatively loose architecture
compared to a ‘Z’ type of twist in the yarn. The percolation of a
matrix is easier in an ‘S’ type of twist when compared to ‘Z’ type of
twist in the yarn [14–16]. Drape is the ability of a fabric to adapt or
conform to a complex surface. The smoothness of surface and stability of a fabric are controlled primarily by the weave style. The
description of some of commonly found weave patterns is given
here.
5 Plain Weave—The plain weave is the simplest of the weaves. In
this, each warp yarn passes alternately under and over each
weft yarn. The plain weave fabric is symmetrical and has good
stability. However, its drapeability is poorest among all weaves.
The high level of fibre crimps imparts relatively low mechanical
properties when compared with the other weave styles.
Because this weave pattern gives excessive crimp, it is not used
for high-tex yarns. The plain weave pattern is shown in
. Fig. 1.5a.
. Table 1.7 Properties of natural fibres and conventional materials [9–13]
Serial no.
Material
Density
(g/cm 3 )
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Tensile modulus
(GPa)
Elongation at
break (%)
Natural fibres
1.
Jute
1.3–1.45
393–773
13–26
1.1–1.5
2.
Hemp
1.47
690
70
1.6
3.
Cotton
1.55
287–800
5.5–12.6
7–8
4.
Coir
1.15
131–175
4–6
15–40
5.
Flax
1.5
345–1100
27.6
2.7–3.2
6.
Ramie
1.5
400–938
61–128
1.2–3.8
7.
Sisal
1.45
468–640
9.4–22
3–7
Conventional materials
8.
Aluminium alloy (6061)
2.7
140
70
12
9.
Aluminium alloy
(2014-T6)
2.8
460
72
10
10.
Titanium (Ti- 6Al- 4 V)
4.5
930
110
18
11.
Steel (4340)
7.8
990
207
12
12.
Mild steel
7.8
450
200
15
13.
Tungsten
19.3
5500
360
5
Chapter 1 · Introduction
1
tolerant and thus are less susceptible to damage. Woven fabrics are
produced by the interlacing of warp (0°) fibres and weft (90°) yarns
in a regular pattern or weave style. The fabric’s integrity is maintained by the mechanical interlocking of the fibres. Fabric is made
of yarns that have an inherent twist. The twists are of two types: ‘S’
and ‘Z’ . Ply is a strand of twisted fibres, and two, three, or more plies
form a yarn. ‘S’- type twist has comparatively loose architecture
compared to a ‘Z’ type of twist in the yarn. The percolation of a
matrix is easier in an ‘S’ type of twist when compared to ‘Z’ type of
twist in the yarn [14–16]. Drape is the ability of a fabric to adapt or
conform to a complex surface. The smoothness of surface and stability of a fabric are controlled primarily by the weave style. The
description of some of commonly found weave patterns is given
here.
5 Plain Weave—The plain weave is the simplest of the weaves. In
this, each warp yarn passes alternately under and over each
weft yarn. The plain weave fabric is symmetrical and has good
stability. However, its drapeability is poorest among all weaves.
The high level of fibre crimps imparts relatively low mechanical
properties when compared with the other weave styles.
Because this weave pattern gives excessive crimp, it is not used
for high-tex yarns. The plain weave pattern is shown in
. Fig. 1.5a.
. Table 1.7 Properties of natural fibres and conventional materials [9–13]
Serial no.
Material
Density
(g/cm 3 )
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Tensile modulus
(GPa)
Elongation at
break (%)
Natural fibres
1.
Jute
1.3–1.45
393–773
13–26
1.1–1.5
2.
Hemp
1.47
690
70
1.6
3.
Cotton
1.55
287–800
5.5–12.6
7–8
4.
Coir
1.15
131–175
4–6
15–40
5.
Flax
1.5
345–1100
27.6
2.7–3.2
6.
Ramie
1.5
400–938
61–128
1.2–3.8
7.
Sisal
1.45
468–640
9.4–22
3–7
Conventional materials
8.
Aluminium alloy (6061)
2.7
140
70
12
9.
Aluminium alloy
(2014-T6)
2.8
460
72
10
10.
Titanium (Ti- 6Al- 4 V)
4.5
930
110
18
11.
Steel (4340)
7.8
990
207
12
12.
Mild steel
7.8
450
200
15
13.
Tungsten
19.3
5500
360
5
Chapter 1 · Introduction