X
8.1.2 Compression Moulding ....................................................................................................................... 210
8.1.3 Autoclaving .............................................................................................................................................. 212
8.1.4 Pressure Bag and Vacuum Bag Moulding ...................................................................................... 214
8.1.5 Injection Moulding ................................................................................................................................ 216
8.1.6 Pultrusion ................................................................................................................................................. 217
8.1.7 Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) .................................................................. 219
8.2
Processing-Induced Defects in Polymeric Composites .......................................................... 222
8.2.1 Unprepared Reinforcement or Matrix ............................................................................................. 222
8.2.2 Improper Storage Conditions ............................................................................................................ 222
8.2.3 Wrong Placement of Fibres ................................................................................................................. 223
8.2.4 Improper Volume Fractions ................................................................................................................ 223
8.2.5 Uncontrolled Temperature, Pressure, and Time ........................................................................... 223
8.2.6 Improper Closing of the Mould ......................................................................................................... 224
8.2.7 Demoulding Temperature ................................................................................................................... 224
8.2.8 Post-fabrication Finishing Operations ............................................................................................ 224
8.3
Future Composite Manufacturing Technologies ...................................................................... 224
8.3.1 Stitched Preform Followed by VARTM ............................................................................................. 225
8.3.2 Continuous Sandwich Panel............................................................................................................... 225
8.3.3 3-D Weaving ............................................................................................................................................ 225
8.3.4 Mechatronics ........................................................................................................................................... 225
8.3.5 Co-curing Technology .......................................................................................................................... 226
References ................................................................................................................................................ 227
9
Characterization and Testing of Polymeric Composites ........................................... 229
9.1
Sample Preparation ............................................................................................................................. 230
9.2
Characterisation .................................................................................................................................... 231
9.2.1 Thermal Characterization .................................................................................................................... 231
9.2.2 Morphology ............................................................................................................................................. 236
9.3
Testing ...................................................................................................................................................... 238
9.3.1 Physical Testing ...................................................................................................................................... 238
9.3.2 Mechanical Testing ................................................................................................................................ 240
9.3.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Performance ................................................................................................. 247
9.4
Advanced Test Methods for Composites ..................................................................................... 249
9.4.1 Radiography ............................................................................................................................................ 250
9.4.2 Ultrasonic Testing .................................................................................................................................. 251
9.4.3 Eddy Current Testing............................................................................................................................. 253
9.4.4 Acoustic Emission Testing ................................................................................................................... 254
9.4.5 Shearography .......................................................................................................................................... 255
9.4.6 Vibrational NDT ...................................................................................................................................... 255
9.4.7 Thermography ........................................................................................................................................ 256
9.4.8 Holography .............................................................................................................................................. 257
9.5
Structure–Property Relationship ................................................................................................... 258
9.5.1 Influence on Thermal Properties ....................................................................................................... 258
9.5.2 Processability in Structure–Thermal Property Relationship..................................................... 260
9.5.3 Influence on Mechanical Properties ................................................................................................ 261
References ................................................................................................................................................ 263
Correction to: Processability of Polymeric Composites ............................................ C1
Supplementary Information
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 267
Contents
8.1.2 Compression Moulding ....................................................................................................................... 210
8.1.3 Autoclaving .............................................................................................................................................. 212
8.1.4 Pressure Bag and Vacuum Bag Moulding ...................................................................................... 214
8.1.5 Injection Moulding ................................................................................................................................ 216
8.1.6 Pultrusion ................................................................................................................................................. 217
8.1.7 Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) .................................................................. 219
8.2
Processing-Induced Defects in Polymeric Composites .......................................................... 222
8.2.1 Unprepared Reinforcement or Matrix ............................................................................................. 222
8.2.2 Improper Storage Conditions ............................................................................................................ 222
8.2.3 Wrong Placement of Fibres ................................................................................................................. 223
8.2.4 Improper Volume Fractions ................................................................................................................ 223
8.2.5 Uncontrolled Temperature, Pressure, and Time ........................................................................... 223
8.2.6 Improper Closing of the Mould ......................................................................................................... 224
8.2.7 Demoulding Temperature ................................................................................................................... 224
8.2.8 Post-fabrication Finishing Operations ............................................................................................ 224
8.3
Future Composite Manufacturing Technologies ...................................................................... 224
8.3.1 Stitched Preform Followed by VARTM ............................................................................................. 225
8.3.2 Continuous Sandwich Panel............................................................................................................... 225
8.3.3 3-D Weaving ............................................................................................................................................ 225
8.3.4 Mechatronics ........................................................................................................................................... 225
8.3.5 Co-curing Technology .......................................................................................................................... 226
References ................................................................................................................................................ 227
9
Characterization and Testing of Polymeric Composites ........................................... 229
9.1
Sample Preparation ............................................................................................................................. 230
9.2
Characterisation .................................................................................................................................... 231
9.2.1 Thermal Characterization .................................................................................................................... 231
9.2.2 Morphology ............................................................................................................................................. 236
9.3
Testing ...................................................................................................................................................... 238
9.3.1 Physical Testing ...................................................................................................................................... 238
9.3.2 Mechanical Testing ................................................................................................................................ 240
9.3.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Performance ................................................................................................. 247
9.4
Advanced Test Methods for Composites ..................................................................................... 249
9.4.1 Radiography ............................................................................................................................................ 250
9.4.2 Ultrasonic Testing .................................................................................................................................. 251
9.4.3 Eddy Current Testing............................................................................................................................. 253
9.4.4 Acoustic Emission Testing ................................................................................................................... 254
9.4.5 Shearography .......................................................................................................................................... 255
9.4.6 Vibrational NDT ...................................................................................................................................... 255
9.4.7 Thermography ........................................................................................................................................ 256
9.4.8 Holography .............................................................................................................................................. 257
9.5
Structure–Property Relationship ................................................................................................... 258
9.5.1 Influence on Thermal Properties ....................................................................................................... 258
9.5.2 Processability in Structure–Thermal Property Relationship..................................................... 260
9.5.3 Influence on Mechanical Properties ................................................................................................ 261
References ................................................................................................................................................ 263
Correction to: Processability of Polymeric Composites ............................................ C1
Supplementary Information
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 267
Contents