60
N. M. Jais et al.
Unfortunately, the fresh market wastewater (FMWW) generated from fish entrails
and seafood preparation sales, meat cutting, poultry slaughtering, fruits and vegetables sales affects negatively on the aquatic life and human health due to the improper
disposal into the environment (Zulkifli et al. 2012; Godos et al. 2012). The removal
of organic compounds and nutrients is the major requirement during the treatment
process of FMWW to meet the acceptable limit before the final discharge to the
environment and natural water systems (Jais et al. 2016; Apandi et al. 2019). The
current chapter reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of the different FMWW
treatment technologies.
4.2 Fresh Market Wastewater Composition
and Characteristics
The fresh market wastewater contains suspended solids, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, gases and some elements in the wastewater (Apandi et al. 2018).
The suspended solids are divided into non-filterable/suspended either settleable or
non-settleable and filterable (colloidal or dissolved). The suspended solids in FMWW
could increase the turbidity which prevents the light penetration and causes the fish’s
gills to get plugged up. The silting decreased the depth of river or lake. Moreover, it
reduces the lifetime of lakes and blocks the fish to free swim into deeper area. The
organic compound such as biodegradable organic which consists of Oil and Grease
(O&G), protein increase Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and blocking oxygen
in atmosphere to enter the water (Maizatul et al. 2017). The pollution by fat traps the
trash and other materials causing odour, attracting flies and mosquitoes that come out
with other disease vectors. The surfactants in fresh market wastewater are refractory
organics that come from detergent which had been used for floor cleaning (Zulkifli
et al. 2012; Apandi et al. 2017; Jais et al. 2018).
Nutrients are inorganic compounds and are divided into dissolved inorganics (calcium, sodium and sulphate) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These compounds are coming from the fresh food itself, the preservatives to maintain the freshness of the fresh food and from water usage. The nutrients are harmful to aquatic life
causing the algal blooms and eutrophication. The gases such as nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and ammonia can be toxic to humans and aquatic life. The elements
such as zinc (Zn
2+ ) and iron (Fe
2+ ) from fresh food even in small quantities can be
toxic and hazardous to fish and plant in the river or lake where the wastewater flows
to the drainage and flows into the river or lake without treatment (Jais et al. 2015,
2016).
The compounds in several FMWW samples investigated in the literature are illustrated in Table 4.1. Zulkifli et al. (2012) and Jais et al. (2015) revealed that the values
of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were between 60 and 900 mg/L which is higher
compared to the standard (50–100 mg/L). BOD ranged from 68 to 293 mg/L, while
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ranged from 381 to 1440 mg/L which exceeded
N. M. Jais et al.
Unfortunately, the fresh market wastewater (FMWW) generated from fish entrails
and seafood preparation sales, meat cutting, poultry slaughtering, fruits and vegetables sales affects negatively on the aquatic life and human health due to the improper
disposal into the environment (Zulkifli et al. 2012; Godos et al. 2012). The removal
of organic compounds and nutrients is the major requirement during the treatment
process of FMWW to meet the acceptable limit before the final discharge to the
environment and natural water systems (Jais et al. 2016; Apandi et al. 2019). The
current chapter reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of the different FMWW
treatment technologies.
4.2 Fresh Market Wastewater Composition
and Characteristics
The fresh market wastewater contains suspended solids, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, gases and some elements in the wastewater (Apandi et al. 2018).
The suspended solids are divided into non-filterable/suspended either settleable or
non-settleable and filterable (colloidal or dissolved). The suspended solids in FMWW
could increase the turbidity which prevents the light penetration and causes the fish’s
gills to get plugged up. The silting decreased the depth of river or lake. Moreover, it
reduces the lifetime of lakes and blocks the fish to free swim into deeper area. The
organic compound such as biodegradable organic which consists of Oil and Grease
(O&G), protein increase Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and blocking oxygen
in atmosphere to enter the water (Maizatul et al. 2017). The pollution by fat traps the
trash and other materials causing odour, attracting flies and mosquitoes that come out
with other disease vectors. The surfactants in fresh market wastewater are refractory
organics that come from detergent which had been used for floor cleaning (Zulkifli
et al. 2012; Apandi et al. 2017; Jais et al. 2018).
Nutrients are inorganic compounds and are divided into dissolved inorganics (calcium, sodium and sulphate) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These compounds are coming from the fresh food itself, the preservatives to maintain the freshness of the fresh food and from water usage. The nutrients are harmful to aquatic life
causing the algal blooms and eutrophication. The gases such as nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and ammonia can be toxic to humans and aquatic life. The elements
such as zinc (Zn
2+ ) and iron (Fe
2+ ) from fresh food even in small quantities can be
toxic and hazardous to fish and plant in the river or lake where the wastewater flows
to the drainage and flows into the river or lake without treatment (Jais et al. 2015,
2016).
The compounds in several FMWW samples investigated in the literature are illustrated in Table 4.1. Zulkifli et al. (2012) and Jais et al. (2015) revealed that the values
of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were between 60 and 900 mg/L which is higher
compared to the standard (50–100 mg/L). BOD ranged from 68 to 293 mg/L, while
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ranged from 381 to 1440 mg/L which exceeded