50
S. S. Habtoor et al.
the C-C bond of the functional groups available in the bacterial cell wall. Moustafa
(2017) investigated the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. in the water samples by using biosynthesized Ag
NPs in the extracellular metabolic of Penciillium citreonigum Dierck and Scopulaniopsos brumptii Salvanet-Duval. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized Ag NPs
exhibited the inactivation based on the interaction with bacteria. Baek et al. (2019)
studied the efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in an alginate biopolymer solution to inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) in water. The results revealed that both bacteria are removed by 98%
and 88%, respectively. The maximum removal was recorded with a high dose of
NPs (4, 10, and 20 mg). These findings concluded that ZnO NP–alginate beads have
high applicability in the water treatment. Bhattacharya et al. (2019) investigated the
applicability of CuO NPs in treating wastewater. Moreover, the effect of pH, stirring
speed, concentration of algal extract and Cu
2+ was optimized. CuO NPs exhibited
antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli with 50 μg/mL. The toxicity assay
on fish model revealed that CuO NPs have no micronuclei for 30 days. The study
claimed that the green-synthesized CuO NPs in drinking water applications.
3.6 Conclusion
It can be concluded that green synthesis technology for bio-nanomaterials has several advantages in comparison to the chemical and physical methods. Moreover,
the applicability of these materials to inactivate infectious agents in the water and
wastewater might be high due to the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ministry of Education Malaysia for providing
FRGS vot K171 (Investigation Factors Determining Zwitter Characteristic Phenomena In Polymer
Resist Materials For Semiconductor Industry Application) as a financial support for this research
project.
References
Abdi O, Kazemi M (2015) A review study of biosorption of heavy metals and comparison between
different biosorbents. J Mater Environ Sci 6:1386–1399
Adler DC, Huang S-W, Huber R, Fujimoto JG (2008) Photothermal detection of gold nanoparticles
using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Opt Express 16:4376–4393
Afkhami F, Akbari S, Chiniforush N (2017) Entrococcus faecalis elimination in root canals using silver nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy, diode laser, or laser-activated nanoparticles: an in vitro
study. J Endod 43:279–282
Ahmad N, Sharma S, Alam MK, Singh VN, Shamsi SF, Mehta BR, Fatma A (2010) Rapid synthesis
of silver nanoparticles using dried medicinal plant of basil. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 81:81–
86
S. S. Habtoor et al.
the C-C bond of the functional groups available in the bacterial cell wall. Moustafa
(2017) investigated the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. in the water samples by using biosynthesized Ag
NPs in the extracellular metabolic of Penciillium citreonigum Dierck and Scopulaniopsos brumptii Salvanet-Duval. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized Ag NPs
exhibited the inactivation based on the interaction with bacteria. Baek et al. (2019)
studied the efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in an alginate biopolymer solution to inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) in water. The results revealed that both bacteria are removed by 98%
and 88%, respectively. The maximum removal was recorded with a high dose of
NPs (4, 10, and 20 mg). These findings concluded that ZnO NP–alginate beads have
high applicability in the water treatment. Bhattacharya et al. (2019) investigated the
applicability of CuO NPs in treating wastewater. Moreover, the effect of pH, stirring
speed, concentration of algal extract and Cu
2+ was optimized. CuO NPs exhibited
antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli with 50 μg/mL. The toxicity assay
on fish model revealed that CuO NPs have no micronuclei for 30 days. The study
claimed that the green-synthesized CuO NPs in drinking water applications.
3.6 Conclusion
It can be concluded that green synthesis technology for bio-nanomaterials has several advantages in comparison to the chemical and physical methods. Moreover,
the applicability of these materials to inactivate infectious agents in the water and
wastewater might be high due to the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ministry of Education Malaysia for providing
FRGS vot K171 (Investigation Factors Determining Zwitter Characteristic Phenomena In Polymer
Resist Materials For Semiconductor Industry Application) as a financial support for this research
project.
References
Abdi O, Kazemi M (2015) A review study of biosorption of heavy metals and comparison between
different biosorbents. J Mater Environ Sci 6:1386–1399
Adler DC, Huang S-W, Huber R, Fujimoto JG (2008) Photothermal detection of gold nanoparticles
using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Opt Express 16:4376–4393
Afkhami F, Akbari S, Chiniforush N (2017) Entrococcus faecalis elimination in root canals using silver nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy, diode laser, or laser-activated nanoparticles: an in vitro
study. J Endod 43:279–282
Ahmad N, Sharma S, Alam MK, Singh VN, Shamsi SF, Mehta BR, Fatma A (2010) Rapid synthesis
of silver nanoparticles using dried medicinal plant of basil. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 81:81–
86