3 Bio-nanotechnology Application in Wastewater Treatment
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3.4.1.1 Chemical Leaves Contents (Phytochemicals)
Murraya koenigii includes many chemical components that interact in a combined
way to stimulate their pharmacological response. Some isolates active ingredients
responsible for medicinal properties have been characterized. This plant has an
antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-ulcer, and cholesterol activities and has
been reported (Srinivasan 2005). Murraya koenigii is a more or less aromatic shrub
or a small tree cultivated for its aromatic leaves. In the traditional medicine system,
it is utilized as anti-diarrheal, dysentery, blood purifier, tonic factor. The major oil of
the leaves yielded D-sabinene, Di-alpha phellandrene, D-terpinol, and Caryophyllene (Gopalan et al. 1980). It is reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, hypoglycaemic, anti-fat, and pro-active effects against liver damage
caused by carbon chloride in mice (Parimi et al. 2014). Also included are Cystosterol
and Carbazole (Gupta et al. 2009). The chemical composition of fresh leaves from
Murraya koenigii consists of variable oil. Curry leaves are rich in phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin
E, antioxidants, folic acids, a plant sterol, amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides,
fibres, and flavonoids.
3.4.1.2 Anti-oxidative Property
Carbazole alkaloids isolated from the dichloromethane extract of M. koenigii leaves
were evaluated based on the oil stability index along with the radical DPPH scavenging ability based on the slow time to reach a stable state. The carbazole ring has
an aryl hydroxyl substituent on it, and it is suggested to play a role of reduction
and stabilizing against free radicals (Tachibana et al. 2001). The antioxidant properties of Murraya Koenigii extracts were evaluated using different solvents based on
the OSI oil stability index with a radical scavenging capacity against 1, 1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (Kureel et al. 1969). Koenigine and Mahanimbine, two alkaloids
of carbazole, isolated from Murraya koenigii leaves showed antioxidant activity.
Murraya koenigii also showed a high degree of properties of radical scavenging
(Borse et al. 2007). Curry tree containing many chemical compounds, cinnamaldehyde found in, barks, seeds, and stems, and numerous alkaloids of carbazole, is an
organic compound has formula C 6 H 5 CH=CHCHO. Carbazole is one of the organic
compounds, and it has an aromatic heterocyclic and a tricyclic structure, including
two rings of benzene fused on either side ring of five-membered nitrogen.
3.4.1.3 Antimicrobial Activity
The known carbazole alkaloids were isolated from the stem bark of Murraya koenigii.
These compounds were found to be effective in the 3.13-concentration range of
100 μg/mL (Rahman and Gray 2005). The literature study revealed that extracts from
different plant species were examined in an antibacterial activity in the laboratory
43
3.4.1.1 Chemical Leaves Contents (Phytochemicals)
Murraya koenigii includes many chemical components that interact in a combined
way to stimulate their pharmacological response. Some isolates active ingredients
responsible for medicinal properties have been characterized. This plant has an
antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-ulcer, and cholesterol activities and has
been reported (Srinivasan 2005). Murraya koenigii is a more or less aromatic shrub
or a small tree cultivated for its aromatic leaves. In the traditional medicine system,
it is utilized as anti-diarrheal, dysentery, blood purifier, tonic factor. The major oil of
the leaves yielded D-sabinene, Di-alpha phellandrene, D-terpinol, and Caryophyllene (Gopalan et al. 1980). It is reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, hypoglycaemic, anti-fat, and pro-active effects against liver damage
caused by carbon chloride in mice (Parimi et al. 2014). Also included are Cystosterol
and Carbazole (Gupta et al. 2009). The chemical composition of fresh leaves from
Murraya koenigii consists of variable oil. Curry leaves are rich in phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin
E, antioxidants, folic acids, a plant sterol, amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides,
fibres, and flavonoids.
3.4.1.2 Anti-oxidative Property
Carbazole alkaloids isolated from the dichloromethane extract of M. koenigii leaves
were evaluated based on the oil stability index along with the radical DPPH scavenging ability based on the slow time to reach a stable state. The carbazole ring has
an aryl hydroxyl substituent on it, and it is suggested to play a role of reduction
and stabilizing against free radicals (Tachibana et al. 2001). The antioxidant properties of Murraya Koenigii extracts were evaluated using different solvents based on
the OSI oil stability index with a radical scavenging capacity against 1, 1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (Kureel et al. 1969). Koenigine and Mahanimbine, two alkaloids
of carbazole, isolated from Murraya koenigii leaves showed antioxidant activity.
Murraya koenigii also showed a high degree of properties of radical scavenging
(Borse et al. 2007). Curry tree containing many chemical compounds, cinnamaldehyde found in, barks, seeds, and stems, and numerous alkaloids of carbazole, is an
organic compound has formula C 6 H 5 CH=CHCHO. Carbazole is one of the organic
compounds, and it has an aromatic heterocyclic and a tricyclic structure, including
two rings of benzene fused on either side ring of five-membered nitrogen.
3.4.1.3 Antimicrobial Activity
The known carbazole alkaloids were isolated from the stem bark of Murraya koenigii.
These compounds were found to be effective in the 3.13-concentration range of
100 μg/mL (Rahman and Gray 2005). The literature study revealed that extracts from
different plant species were examined in an antibacterial activity in the laboratory