3 Bio-nanotechnology Application in Wastewater Treatment
41
because of the presence of functional groups rich in free electrons (Carter 1995). The
NPs are used in various applications such as medicine, DNA analysis, cancer treatment, antibacterial agents, and biological sensors. Currently, its applications have
been explored in many advanced technological fields (Punjabi et al. 2015).
Various plants, proteins, and microscopic organisms have been used to produce
metal NPs (Ahmed et al. 2016). There are several reports on the production of silver
nanoparticles by biotics such as bacteria (Saifuddin et al. 2009), yeast (Pimprikar
et al. 2009), fungi (Rai et al. 2016), plants, and plant extracts (Anandalakshmi et al.
2016), there may be much work on the production of nanoparticles silver due to the
importance of utilize for many years. Several works have as well been studied on
the production of metal nanoparticles with plant extracts, and it described the use
of plants in the production of nanoparticles to be safe, economic, environmentally
friendly, and efficient in production (Mittal et al. 2013). There are some reports on
the production of metal nanoparticles with plants.
The synthesis of nanoparticles using the plant system provides alternative and
cost-effective methods in a wide range of biomedical applications (Parveen et al.
2016). However, there are many reports which reveal that synthesis of nanoparticles
using plant extracts requires different temperatures (Song and Kim 2009), or the
use of microwave radiation (Hebbalalu et al. 2013), because the formation of metal
nanoparticles using these kinds of plants is very slow. A significant advantage in
Table 3.1 is that a lot of this synthesis is present in silver nanoparticles though the
Table 3.1 Metal NPs green synthesis with some plants
Plant leaf extract
Metal or Metal oxide
NPs
Shape of nanoparticle References
Leptadenia reticulata Ag
Spherical
Swamy et al. (2015)
Melissa officinalis
Ag
Spherical
Reyes-López et al.
(2017)
Alternanthera dentate Ag
Spherical
Kumar et al. (2014)
Moringa oleifera
ZnO
Hexagonal
Elumalai et al. (2015)
Centella asiatica
Ag
Spherical
Rout et al. (2013)
Ziziphora tenuior
Ag
Spherical
Sadeghi and
Gholamhoseinpoor
(2015)
Rosmarinus
officinalis
Ag
Spherical
Ghaedi et al. (2015)
Croton sparsiflorus
morong
Ag
Cubic
Kathiravan et al.
(2015)
Catharanthus roseus
Pd
Spherical
Kalaiselvi et al.
(2015)
Hippophae
rhamnoidesLinn
Pd
Spherical
Nasrollahzadeh et al.
(2015)
Hibiscus subdariffa
ZnO
Spherical
Bala et al. (2015)
41
because of the presence of functional groups rich in free electrons (Carter 1995). The
NPs are used in various applications such as medicine, DNA analysis, cancer treatment, antibacterial agents, and biological sensors. Currently, its applications have
been explored in many advanced technological fields (Punjabi et al. 2015).
Various plants, proteins, and microscopic organisms have been used to produce
metal NPs (Ahmed et al. 2016). There are several reports on the production of silver
nanoparticles by biotics such as bacteria (Saifuddin et al. 2009), yeast (Pimprikar
et al. 2009), fungi (Rai et al. 2016), plants, and plant extracts (Anandalakshmi et al.
2016), there may be much work on the production of nanoparticles silver due to the
importance of utilize for many years. Several works have as well been studied on
the production of metal nanoparticles with plant extracts, and it described the use
of plants in the production of nanoparticles to be safe, economic, environmentally
friendly, and efficient in production (Mittal et al. 2013). There are some reports on
the production of metal nanoparticles with plants.
The synthesis of nanoparticles using the plant system provides alternative and
cost-effective methods in a wide range of biomedical applications (Parveen et al.
2016). However, there are many reports which reveal that synthesis of nanoparticles
using plant extracts requires different temperatures (Song and Kim 2009), or the
use of microwave radiation (Hebbalalu et al. 2013), because the formation of metal
nanoparticles using these kinds of plants is very slow. A significant advantage in
Table 3.1 is that a lot of this synthesis is present in silver nanoparticles though the
Table 3.1 Metal NPs green synthesis with some plants
Plant leaf extract
Metal or Metal oxide
NPs
Shape of nanoparticle References
Leptadenia reticulata Ag
Spherical
Swamy et al. (2015)
Melissa officinalis
Ag
Spherical
Reyes-López et al.
(2017)
Alternanthera dentate Ag
Spherical
Kumar et al. (2014)
Moringa oleifera
ZnO
Hexagonal
Elumalai et al. (2015)
Centella asiatica
Ag
Spherical
Rout et al. (2013)
Ziziphora tenuior
Ag
Spherical
Sadeghi and
Gholamhoseinpoor
(2015)
Rosmarinus
officinalis
Ag
Spherical
Ghaedi et al. (2015)
Croton sparsiflorus
morong
Ag
Cubic
Kathiravan et al.
(2015)
Catharanthus roseus
Pd
Spherical
Kalaiselvi et al.
(2015)
Hippophae
rhamnoidesLinn
Pd
Spherical
Nasrollahzadeh et al.
(2015)
Hibiscus subdariffa
ZnO
Spherical
Bala et al. (2015)