176
E. Noman et al.
applied among many of the developing countries such as Yemen, Iran, and Tanzania
due to the absence of awareness about the health risk associated with the clinical
wastes (Mato and Kaseva 1999; Efaq and Al-Gheethi 2015).
10.5 Conclusion
Healthcare wastes represent a serious risk for the community as it is heavily loaded
with the infectious agents which may survive for long time in the environment.
The best management might contribute effectively in minimizing the health risk
and protect the environment. The management of the clinical wastes in terms of
segregation, storage, transportation, and treatment as well as the disposal process
would contribute effectively in the reduction of quantities and risk of clinical wastes.
References
Alagoz AZ, Kocasoy G (2008) Determination of the best appropriate management methods for the
healthcare waste in Istanbul. Waste Manag 28:1227–1235
Al-Ghamdi AY (2011) Review on hospital wastes and its possible treatments. Egyption Acad J Biol
Sci 3(1):55–62
Ambali A, Bakar AN, Merican FM (2013) Environmental policy in Malaysia: biomedical waste,
strategies and issues. J Admin Sci 10(1)
Banana AAS (2013) Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in human body fluids by steam autoclave,
microwave and supercritical carbon dioxide. Ph.D. thesis, Environmental Technology Division,
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
Carrwtero C, Pares D (2000) Improvement of the microbiological quality of blood plasma or human
consumption purposes. Recent Res Dev Agric Food Chem 4:203–216
Cheng YW, Sung FC, Yang Y, Lo YH, Chung YT, Li KC (2009) Medical waste production at
hospital and associated factors. Waste Manag 29(1):440–444
Cheng YW, Li KC, Sung FC (2010) Medical waste generation in selected clinical facilities in
Taiwan. Waste Manag 30(8–9):1690–1695
Controlled Waste Regulations (1992) (SI 588). HMSO, London
de Silva DM, Batista LR, Rezende EF, Fungaro MHP, Sartori D, Alves E (2011) Identification
of fungi of the genus Aspergillus section Nigri using polyphasic taxonomy. Braz J Microbiol
42:761–773
DS (2011) Compendium of environment statistic, Department of Statistics, Pusat Pentadbiran
Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62514, Putrajaya, Malaysia
DS (2013) Compendium of environment statistic, Department of Statistics, Pusat Pentadbiran
Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62514, Putrajaya, Malaysia. ISSN 1511-3396
Eckmanns T, Oppert M, Martin M, Amorosa R, Zuschneid I (2008) An outbreak of hospitalacquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated bottled water in intensive
care units. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:454–458
Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA (2015) Management of clinical solid wastes generated from healthcare
facilities in Yemen. In: 3rd international conference on sustainable solid waste management, pp
2–4
E. Noman et al.
applied among many of the developing countries such as Yemen, Iran, and Tanzania
due to the absence of awareness about the health risk associated with the clinical
wastes (Mato and Kaseva 1999; Efaq and Al-Gheethi 2015).
10.5 Conclusion
Healthcare wastes represent a serious risk for the community as it is heavily loaded
with the infectious agents which may survive for long time in the environment.
The best management might contribute effectively in minimizing the health risk
and protect the environment. The management of the clinical wastes in terms of
segregation, storage, transportation, and treatment as well as the disposal process
would contribute effectively in the reduction of quantities and risk of clinical wastes.
References
Alagoz AZ, Kocasoy G (2008) Determination of the best appropriate management methods for the
healthcare waste in Istanbul. Waste Manag 28:1227–1235
Al-Ghamdi AY (2011) Review on hospital wastes and its possible treatments. Egyption Acad J Biol
Sci 3(1):55–62
Ambali A, Bakar AN, Merican FM (2013) Environmental policy in Malaysia: biomedical waste,
strategies and issues. J Admin Sci 10(1)
Banana AAS (2013) Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in human body fluids by steam autoclave,
microwave and supercritical carbon dioxide. Ph.D. thesis, Environmental Technology Division,
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
Carrwtero C, Pares D (2000) Improvement of the microbiological quality of blood plasma or human
consumption purposes. Recent Res Dev Agric Food Chem 4:203–216
Cheng YW, Sung FC, Yang Y, Lo YH, Chung YT, Li KC (2009) Medical waste production at
hospital and associated factors. Waste Manag 29(1):440–444
Cheng YW, Li KC, Sung FC (2010) Medical waste generation in selected clinical facilities in
Taiwan. Waste Manag 30(8–9):1690–1695
Controlled Waste Regulations (1992) (SI 588). HMSO, London
de Silva DM, Batista LR, Rezende EF, Fungaro MHP, Sartori D, Alves E (2011) Identification
of fungi of the genus Aspergillus section Nigri using polyphasic taxonomy. Braz J Microbiol
42:761–773
DS (2011) Compendium of environment statistic, Department of Statistics, Pusat Pentadbiran
Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62514, Putrajaya, Malaysia
DS (2013) Compendium of environment statistic, Department of Statistics, Pusat Pentadbiran
Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62514, Putrajaya, Malaysia. ISSN 1511-3396
Eckmanns T, Oppert M, Martin M, Amorosa R, Zuschneid I (2008) An outbreak of hospitalacquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated bottled water in intensive
care units. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:454–458
Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA (2015) Management of clinical solid wastes generated from healthcare
facilities in Yemen. In: 3rd international conference on sustainable solid waste management, pp
2–4