162
M. Darwish et al.
9.7 Conclusion
Nitrogen is one of the main pollutants in landfill leachate, which is also considered
as a valuable element. Struvite crystallization technology is proved to be an effective approach to recover nitrogen in the form of eco-friendly fertilizer. This chapter
showed that up to 98% of nitrogen in landfill leachate could be recovered as struvite.
However, this is governed by several factors such as pH, Mg:N:P molar ratio, types
of Mg and P reagents and other experimental conditions. In general, the major challenges to achieve a sustainable struvite technology, integrated with other treatment
processes, are cost-effectiveness and purity enhancement. These aspects should be
considered in future research to support the sustainability of MAP technology and
improve its applicability in landfill leachate treatment.
References
Acelas NY, Flórez E, López D (2015) Phosphorus recovery through struvite precipitation from
wastewater: effect of the competitive ions. Desalin Treat 54(9):2468–2479
Akkaya E, Demir A, Karadag D, Varank G, Bilgili MS, Ozkaya B (2010) Post-treatment of
anaerobically treated medium-age landfill leachate. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 29(1):78–84
Alslaibi TM, Mogheir YK, Afifi S (2011) Assessment of groundwater quality due to municipal
solid waste landfills leachate. Environ Sci Technol 4(4):419–436
Barnes D, Li X, Chen J (2007) Determination of suitable pretreatment method for old-intermediate
landfill leachate. Environ Technol 28(2):195–203
Bhuiyan MIH, Mavinic DS, Koch FA (2008) Thermal decomposition of struvite and its phase
transition. Chemosphere 70(8):1347–1356
Borgerding J (1972) Phosphate deposits in digestion systems. J Water Pollut Control Federation
44:813–819
Borojovich EJC, Münster M, Rafailov G, Porat ZE (2010) Precipitation of ammonium from concentrated industrial wastes as struvite: a search for the optimal reagents. Water Environ Res
82(7):586–591
Capdevielle A, Sýkorová E, Biscans B, Béline F, Daumer ML (2013) Optimization of struvite
precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewater—Determination of the optimal
process parameters. J Hazard Mater 244–245:357–369
Chen Y, Liu C, Nie J, Luo X, Wang D (2013) Chemical precipitation and biosorption treating landfill
leachate to remove ammonium-nitrogen. Clean Technol Environ Policy 15(2):395–399
Darwish M, Aris A, Puteh MH, Jusoh MNH, Abdul Kadir A (2017) Waste bones ash as an alternative
source of P for struvite precipitation. J Environ Manag 203:861–866
Degryse F, Baird R, da Silva RC, McLaughlin MJ (2016) Dissolution rate and agronomic effectiveness of struvite fertilizers—effect of soil pH, granulation and base excess. Plant Soil
410(1–2):139–152
Di Iaconi C, Pagano M, Ramadori R, Lopez A (2010) Nitrogen recovery from a stabilized municipal
landfill leachate. Biores Technol 101(6):1732–1736
Driver J, Lijmbach D, Steen I (1999) Why recover phosphorus for recycling, and how? Environ
Technol 20(7):651–662
Etter B, Tilley E, Khadka R, Udert KM (2011) Low-cost struvite production using source-separated
urine in Nepal. Water Res 45(2):852–862
M. Darwish et al.
9.7 Conclusion
Nitrogen is one of the main pollutants in landfill leachate, which is also considered
as a valuable element. Struvite crystallization technology is proved to be an effective approach to recover nitrogen in the form of eco-friendly fertilizer. This chapter
showed that up to 98% of nitrogen in landfill leachate could be recovered as struvite.
However, this is governed by several factors such as pH, Mg:N:P molar ratio, types
of Mg and P reagents and other experimental conditions. In general, the major challenges to achieve a sustainable struvite technology, integrated with other treatment
processes, are cost-effectiveness and purity enhancement. These aspects should be
considered in future research to support the sustainability of MAP technology and
improve its applicability in landfill leachate treatment.
References
Acelas NY, Flórez E, López D (2015) Phosphorus recovery through struvite precipitation from
wastewater: effect of the competitive ions. Desalin Treat 54(9):2468–2479
Akkaya E, Demir A, Karadag D, Varank G, Bilgili MS, Ozkaya B (2010) Post-treatment of
anaerobically treated medium-age landfill leachate. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 29(1):78–84
Alslaibi TM, Mogheir YK, Afifi S (2011) Assessment of groundwater quality due to municipal
solid waste landfills leachate. Environ Sci Technol 4(4):419–436
Barnes D, Li X, Chen J (2007) Determination of suitable pretreatment method for old-intermediate
landfill leachate. Environ Technol 28(2):195–203
Bhuiyan MIH, Mavinic DS, Koch FA (2008) Thermal decomposition of struvite and its phase
transition. Chemosphere 70(8):1347–1356
Borgerding J (1972) Phosphate deposits in digestion systems. J Water Pollut Control Federation
44:813–819
Borojovich EJC, Münster M, Rafailov G, Porat ZE (2010) Precipitation of ammonium from concentrated industrial wastes as struvite: a search for the optimal reagents. Water Environ Res
82(7):586–591
Capdevielle A, Sýkorová E, Biscans B, Béline F, Daumer ML (2013) Optimization of struvite
precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewater—Determination of the optimal
process parameters. J Hazard Mater 244–245:357–369
Chen Y, Liu C, Nie J, Luo X, Wang D (2013) Chemical precipitation and biosorption treating landfill
leachate to remove ammonium-nitrogen. Clean Technol Environ Policy 15(2):395–399
Darwish M, Aris A, Puteh MH, Jusoh MNH, Abdul Kadir A (2017) Waste bones ash as an alternative
source of P for struvite precipitation. J Environ Manag 203:861–866
Degryse F, Baird R, da Silva RC, McLaughlin MJ (2016) Dissolution rate and agronomic effectiveness of struvite fertilizers—effect of soil pH, granulation and base excess. Plant Soil
410(1–2):139–152
Di Iaconi C, Pagano M, Ramadori R, Lopez A (2010) Nitrogen recovery from a stabilized municipal
landfill leachate. Biores Technol 101(6):1732–1736
Driver J, Lijmbach D, Steen I (1999) Why recover phosphorus for recycling, and how? Environ
Technol 20(7):651–662
Etter B, Tilley E, Khadka R, Udert KM (2011) Low-cost struvite production using source-separated
urine in Nepal. Water Res 45(2):852–862