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B. R. Baker et al.
7.1 Introduction
Disposal of wastewater is one of the important issues in many countries due to the
increase of contamination level in the natural sources such as soil, surface water and
groundwater (Al-Gheethi et al. 2013, 2014). Biological wastewater treatment processes (BWWTP) were developed for faster treatment of contaminated water sources.
Seafood processing is a growing industry for many countries with coastline like
Malaysia. The seafood industry represents significant parts of economic resources
for exports, which is currently ranked in the top 10 export value in Malaysia (Porntip et al. 2006). Therefore, keen considerations are developed to assist the seafood
industries to meet water quality requirements as per country standard (Weerasekara
et al. 2016).
Many types of seafood are immediately treated based on seasonality, frequently at
the same location of plant. Saltwater fish (tuna, sardines), mollusks (oysters, clams),
crustaceans (crabs and lobster) and others such as shrimp and octopus are immediately treated based on seasonality. Therefore, a suitable and rational treatment plant
design is needed to meet the recent regulation. Hence, the first step in designing
a wastewater treatment plant in seafood process industry depends largely on the
nature of the used water generation, which varies on the working hour, day, week
and season. The second step is the sampling should be based on 24 h of normal
and peak effluents discharge basis. This is because the same peak might carry the
same load of contaminants, i.e. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, fats,
oil and greases (FOG) on each peak flow. The best location of sampling is the point
before the effluent being discharged to the receiving water body (Chowdhury et al.
2010). However, it is difficult to understand the severity of the problem created by
seafood wastewater streams because it depends on the strength of the effluent, the
rate of discharge, and the actual capacity of the receiving water body. Regulations
on wastewater are becoming more and more complicated since it involved a larger
demand for suitable design and higher treatment efficiency for such effluent. However, key pollution parameters should be taken into account for design consideration
when determining the characteristics of wastewater and evaluating the efficiency of
wastewater treatment system (Ferjani 2005; Chowdhury et al. 2010).
A new technology including a novel acryl-fibre biofringe (BF) material is an
exceptionally effective aerobic treatment for wastewater. The BF material provides
biomass attachment on the flexible material within a fixed position matrix. Through
this approach, fibre matrix induced swimming motion because of the wastewater flow,
which enhances nutrients transfer to the attached biofilm. This motion increases the
detachment of excess biomass, in the form that can be easily settled and removed
(Baker et al. 2012; Baker 2016). This chapter aims to develop the understanding
on current problems and production of the seafood wastewater regarding treatment
efficiency and methods of treatment.
B. R. Baker et al.
7.1 Introduction
Disposal of wastewater is one of the important issues in many countries due to the
increase of contamination level in the natural sources such as soil, surface water and
groundwater (Al-Gheethi et al. 2013, 2014). Biological wastewater treatment processes (BWWTP) were developed for faster treatment of contaminated water sources.
Seafood processing is a growing industry for many countries with coastline like
Malaysia. The seafood industry represents significant parts of economic resources
for exports, which is currently ranked in the top 10 export value in Malaysia (Porntip et al. 2006). Therefore, keen considerations are developed to assist the seafood
industries to meet water quality requirements as per country standard (Weerasekara
et al. 2016).
Many types of seafood are immediately treated based on seasonality, frequently at
the same location of plant. Saltwater fish (tuna, sardines), mollusks (oysters, clams),
crustaceans (crabs and lobster) and others such as shrimp and octopus are immediately treated based on seasonality. Therefore, a suitable and rational treatment plant
design is needed to meet the recent regulation. Hence, the first step in designing
a wastewater treatment plant in seafood process industry depends largely on the
nature of the used water generation, which varies on the working hour, day, week
and season. The second step is the sampling should be based on 24 h of normal
and peak effluents discharge basis. This is because the same peak might carry the
same load of contaminants, i.e. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, fats,
oil and greases (FOG) on each peak flow. The best location of sampling is the point
before the effluent being discharged to the receiving water body (Chowdhury et al.
2010). However, it is difficult to understand the severity of the problem created by
seafood wastewater streams because it depends on the strength of the effluent, the
rate of discharge, and the actual capacity of the receiving water body. Regulations
on wastewater are becoming more and more complicated since it involved a larger
demand for suitable design and higher treatment efficiency for such effluent. However, key pollution parameters should be taken into account for design consideration
when determining the characteristics of wastewater and evaluating the efficiency of
wastewater treatment system (Ferjani 2005; Chowdhury et al. 2010).
A new technology including a novel acryl-fibre biofringe (BF) material is an
exceptionally effective aerobic treatment for wastewater. The BF material provides
biomass attachment on the flexible material within a fixed position matrix. Through
this approach, fibre matrix induced swimming motion because of the wastewater flow,
which enhances nutrients transfer to the attached biofilm. This motion increases the
detachment of excess biomass, in the form that can be easily settled and removed
(Baker et al. 2012; Baker 2016). This chapter aims to develop the understanding
on current problems and production of the seafood wastewater regarding treatment
efficiency and methods of treatment.