Lv B, Xing M, Yang J (2018a) Exploring the effects of earthworms on bacterial profiles during
vermicomposting process of sewage sludge and cattle dung with high-throughput sequencing.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(13):12528–12537
Lv B, Zhang D, Cui Y, Yin F (2018b) Effects of C/N ratio and earthworms on greenhouse gas
emissions during vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 268:408–414
Lv B, Zhang D, Chen Q, Cui Y (2019) Effects of earthworms on nitrogen transformation and the
correspond genes (amoA and nirS) in vermicomposting of sewage sludge and rice straw.
Bioresour Technol 287:121428
Malińska K, Zabochnicka-Świątek M, Cáceres R, Marfà O (2016) The effect of precomposted
sewage sludge mixture amended with biochar on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida
during laboratory vermicomposting. Ecol Eng 90:35–41
Malińska K, Golańska M, Caceres R, Rorat A, Weisser P, Ślęzak E (2017) Biochar amendment for
integrated composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge–the effect of biochar on the
activity of Eisenia fetida and the obtained vermicompost. Bioresour Technol 225:206–214
Meysman FJ, Middelburg JJ, Heip CH (2006) Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea.
Trends Ecol Evol 21(12):688–695
Molina MJ, Soriano MD, Ingelmo F, Llinares J (2013) Stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse
bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol
137:88–97
Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA (2000) Effects of C–to–N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids.
Bioresour Technol 75(1):7–12
Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA, Das KC (2000) Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on
vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technol 71(1):5–12
Ozdemir S, Dede G, Dede OH, Turp SM (2019) Composting of sewage sludge with mole cricket:
stability, maturity and sanitation aspects. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(5827):5834
Qu J, Wang H, Wang K, Yu G, Ke B, Yu HQ et al (2019) Municipal wastewater treatment in China:
development history and future perspectives. Front Environ Sci Eng 13(6):88
Reddy SA, Akila S, Kale RD (2012) Management of secondary sewage sludge by vermicomposting
for use as soil amendment. Glob J Biotechnol Biochem 7(1):13–18
Suthar S (2010) Pilot–scale vermireactors for sewage sludge stabilization and metal remediation
process: Comparison with small–scale vermireactors. Ecol Eng 36(5):703–712
Suthar S, Singh S (2008) Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture
vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes. Ecol Eng 33(3-4): 210–219
Xie D, Wu W, Hao X, Jiang D, Li X, Bai L (2016) Vermicomposting of sludge from animal
wastewater treatment plant mixed with cow dung or swine manure using Eisenia fetida. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 23(8):7767–7775
Xing M, Li X, Yang J, Huang Z, Lu Y (2012) Changes in the chemical characteristics of waterextracted organic matter from vermicomposting of sewage sludge and cow dung. J Hazard
Mater 205:24–31
Xing M, Lv B, Zhao C, Yang J (2015) Towards understanding the effects of additives on the
vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(6):4644–4653
Yang J, Lv B, Zhang J, Xing M (2014) Insight into the roles of earthworm in vermicomposting of
sewage sludge by determining the water-extracts through chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Bioresour Technol 154:94–100
Yang G, Zhang G, Wang H (2015) Current state of sludge production, management, treatment and
disposal in China. Water Res 78:60–73
Zhang J, Lv B, Xing M, Yang J (2015) Tracking the composition and transformation of humic and
fulvic acids during vermicomposting of sewage sludge by elemental analysis and fluorescence
excitation–emission matrix. Waste Manag 39:111–118
Zhang Q, Hu J, Lee DJ, Chang Y, Lee YJ (2017) Sludge treatment: current research trends.
Bioresour Technol 243:1159–1172
Zhao C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu F, Zhang J, Cui R et al (2018) Insights into the role of earthworms
on the optimization of microbial community structure during vermicomposting of sewage
sludge by PLFA analysis. Waste Manag 79:700–708
4 Recycling of Municipal Sludge by Vermicomposting
67
vermicomposting process of sewage sludge and cattle dung with high-throughput sequencing.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(13):12528–12537
Lv B, Zhang D, Cui Y, Yin F (2018b) Effects of C/N ratio and earthworms on greenhouse gas
emissions during vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 268:408–414
Lv B, Zhang D, Chen Q, Cui Y (2019) Effects of earthworms on nitrogen transformation and the
correspond genes (amoA and nirS) in vermicomposting of sewage sludge and rice straw.
Bioresour Technol 287:121428
Malińska K, Zabochnicka-Świątek M, Cáceres R, Marfà O (2016) The effect of precomposted
sewage sludge mixture amended with biochar on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida
during laboratory vermicomposting. Ecol Eng 90:35–41
Malińska K, Golańska M, Caceres R, Rorat A, Weisser P, Ślęzak E (2017) Biochar amendment for
integrated composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge–the effect of biochar on the
activity of Eisenia fetida and the obtained vermicompost. Bioresour Technol 225:206–214
Meysman FJ, Middelburg JJ, Heip CH (2006) Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea.
Trends Ecol Evol 21(12):688–695
Molina MJ, Soriano MD, Ingelmo F, Llinares J (2013) Stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse
bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol
137:88–97
Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA (2000) Effects of C–to–N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids.
Bioresour Technol 75(1):7–12
Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA, Das KC (2000) Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on
vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technol 71(1):5–12
Ozdemir S, Dede G, Dede OH, Turp SM (2019) Composting of sewage sludge with mole cricket:
stability, maturity and sanitation aspects. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(5827):5834
Qu J, Wang H, Wang K, Yu G, Ke B, Yu HQ et al (2019) Municipal wastewater treatment in China:
development history and future perspectives. Front Environ Sci Eng 13(6):88
Reddy SA, Akila S, Kale RD (2012) Management of secondary sewage sludge by vermicomposting
for use as soil amendment. Glob J Biotechnol Biochem 7(1):13–18
Suthar S (2010) Pilot–scale vermireactors for sewage sludge stabilization and metal remediation
process: Comparison with small–scale vermireactors. Ecol Eng 36(5):703–712
Suthar S, Singh S (2008) Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture
vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes. Ecol Eng 33(3-4): 210–219
Xie D, Wu W, Hao X, Jiang D, Li X, Bai L (2016) Vermicomposting of sludge from animal
wastewater treatment plant mixed with cow dung or swine manure using Eisenia fetida. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 23(8):7767–7775
Xing M, Li X, Yang J, Huang Z, Lu Y (2012) Changes in the chemical characteristics of waterextracted organic matter from vermicomposting of sewage sludge and cow dung. J Hazard
Mater 205:24–31
Xing M, Lv B, Zhao C, Yang J (2015) Towards understanding the effects of additives on the
vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(6):4644–4653
Yang J, Lv B, Zhang J, Xing M (2014) Insight into the roles of earthworm in vermicomposting of
sewage sludge by determining the water-extracts through chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Bioresour Technol 154:94–100
Yang G, Zhang G, Wang H (2015) Current state of sludge production, management, treatment and
disposal in China. Water Res 78:60–73
Zhang J, Lv B, Xing M, Yang J (2015) Tracking the composition and transformation of humic and
fulvic acids during vermicomposting of sewage sludge by elemental analysis and fluorescence
excitation–emission matrix. Waste Manag 39:111–118
Zhang Q, Hu J, Lee DJ, Chang Y, Lee YJ (2017) Sludge treatment: current research trends.
Bioresour Technol 243:1159–1172
Zhao C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu F, Zhang J, Cui R et al (2018) Insights into the role of earthworms
on the optimization of microbial community structure during vermicomposting of sewage
sludge by PLFA analysis. Waste Manag 79:700–708
4 Recycling of Municipal Sludge by Vermicomposting
67