Mars R, Mathew K, Ho GE (1999) The role of submergent macrophyte Triglochin huegelii in
domestic wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 12(1/2):57–66
Martin JP (1976) Darwin on earthworms: the formation of vegetable moulds. Bookworm Publishing. ISBN 0-916302-06-7
Morari F, Giardini L (2009) Municipal wastewater treatment with vertical flow constructed
wetlands for irrigation reuse. Ecol Eng 35:643–653
Patel JB (2018) Wastewater treatment by Vermifiltration: a review. Int J Latest Technol Eng Manag
Appl Sci 6(1):2278–2540
Pierre V, Phillip R, Margnerite L, Pierrette C (1982) Anti-bacterial activity of the haemolytic system
from the earthworms Eisenia foetida andrei. J Inverteb Pathol 40:21–27
Reinecke AJ, Viljoen SA, Saayman RJ (1992) The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx
excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in southern Africa in terms of
their temperature requirements. Soil Biol Biochem 24(12):1295–1307
Schudell P, Boller M (1989) On-site wastewater treatment with intermittent buried filters. International specialized conference on design and operation of small scale wastewater treatments
plants, pp 95–104
Shao Y, Pei H, Hu W, Chanway CP, Meng P, Ji Y, Li Z (2014) Bioaugmentation in labscale
constructed wetland microcosms for treating polluted river water and domestic wastewater in
northern China. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 95:151–159
Singleton DR, Hendrix PF, Coleman DC, Whitman WB (2003) Identification of uncultured bacteria
tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae;
Oligochaeta). Soil Biol Biochem 35(12):1547–1555
Sinha RK, Herat S, Agarwal S, Asadi R, Carretero E (2002) Vermiculture and waste management:
study of action of earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus on
biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia. Environmentalist 22:261–268
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Chaudhari U (2008) Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous
treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional
systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist 28:409–420
Taylor M, Clarke WP, Greenfield PF (2003) The treatment of domestic wastewater using smallscale vermicompost filter beds. Ecol Eng 21(2/3):197–203
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ, Yang J (2010) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter
enhancement by a converter slag-coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36:489–494
Wang Y, Xing MY, Yang J, Lu B (2016) Addressing the role of earthworms in treating domestic
wastewater by analyzing biofilm modification through chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:4768–4777
Xing M, Yang J, Lu Z (2005) Microorganism-earthworm integrated biological treatment process––
a sewage treatment option for rural settlements. Five days ICID 21st European regional
conference
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth: reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9:7513–7520
Xing M, Zhao C, Yang J, Lv B (2014) Feeding behavior and trophic relationship of earthworms and
other predators in vermifiltration system for liquid-state sludge stabilization using fatty acid
profiles. Bioresour Technol 169C:149–154
Yang J, Xing M, Lu Z, Lu Y (2008) A decentralized and on-site option for rural settlements
wastewater with the adoption of vermifiltration system. 2nd international conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering, pp. 3023–3026
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm-microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44:2572–2582
34
M. Khwairakpam
domestic wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 12(1/2):57–66
Martin JP (1976) Darwin on earthworms: the formation of vegetable moulds. Bookworm Publishing. ISBN 0-916302-06-7
Morari F, Giardini L (2009) Municipal wastewater treatment with vertical flow constructed
wetlands for irrigation reuse. Ecol Eng 35:643–653
Patel JB (2018) Wastewater treatment by Vermifiltration: a review. Int J Latest Technol Eng Manag
Appl Sci 6(1):2278–2540
Pierre V, Phillip R, Margnerite L, Pierrette C (1982) Anti-bacterial activity of the haemolytic system
from the earthworms Eisenia foetida andrei. J Inverteb Pathol 40:21–27
Reinecke AJ, Viljoen SA, Saayman RJ (1992) The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx
excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in southern Africa in terms of
their temperature requirements. Soil Biol Biochem 24(12):1295–1307
Schudell P, Boller M (1989) On-site wastewater treatment with intermittent buried filters. International specialized conference on design and operation of small scale wastewater treatments
plants, pp 95–104
Shao Y, Pei H, Hu W, Chanway CP, Meng P, Ji Y, Li Z (2014) Bioaugmentation in labscale
constructed wetland microcosms for treating polluted river water and domestic wastewater in
northern China. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 95:151–159
Singleton DR, Hendrix PF, Coleman DC, Whitman WB (2003) Identification of uncultured bacteria
tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae;
Oligochaeta). Soil Biol Biochem 35(12):1547–1555
Sinha RK, Herat S, Agarwal S, Asadi R, Carretero E (2002) Vermiculture and waste management:
study of action of earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus on
biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia. Environmentalist 22:261–268
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Chaudhari U (2008) Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous
treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional
systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist 28:409–420
Taylor M, Clarke WP, Greenfield PF (2003) The treatment of domestic wastewater using smallscale vermicompost filter beds. Ecol Eng 21(2/3):197–203
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ, Yang J (2010) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter
enhancement by a converter slag-coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36:489–494
Wang Y, Xing MY, Yang J, Lu B (2016) Addressing the role of earthworms in treating domestic
wastewater by analyzing biofilm modification through chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:4768–4777
Xing M, Yang J, Lu Z (2005) Microorganism-earthworm integrated biological treatment process––
a sewage treatment option for rural settlements. Five days ICID 21st European regional
conference
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth: reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9:7513–7520
Xing M, Zhao C, Yang J, Lv B (2014) Feeding behavior and trophic relationship of earthworms and
other predators in vermifiltration system for liquid-state sludge stabilization using fatty acid
profiles. Bioresour Technol 169C:149–154
Yang J, Xing M, Lu Z, Lu Y (2008) A decentralized and on-site option for rural settlements
wastewater with the adoption of vermifiltration system. 2nd international conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering, pp. 3023–3026
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm-microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44:2572–2582
34
M. Khwairakpam