Darwin F, Seward AC (1903) More letters of Charles Darwin. In: A record of his work in series of
hitherto unpublished letters. John Murray, London, p 508
Dixon A, Butler D, Fewkes A (1999) Water saving potential of domestic water reuse systems using
greywater and rainwater in combination. Water Sci Technol 39(5):25–32
Gardner T, Geary P, Gordon I (1997) Ecological sustainability and onsite effluent treatment
systems. Aust J Environ Manag 4(1):144–156
Ghangrekar MM, Kishor N, Mitra A (2007) Sewage reuse for aquaculture after treatment in
oxidation and duckweed pond. Water Sci Technol 55:173–181
Hand P (1988) Earthworm biotechnology. In: Greenshields R (ed) Resources and application of
biotechnology: the new wave. MacMillan Press Ltd, New York
Hartenstein R, Bisesi MS (1989) Use of earthworm biotechnology for the management of effluents
from intensively housed livestock. Outlook Agric 18:72–76
Hughes R, Nair J, Mathew K, Ho G (2007) Toxicity of domestic wastewater pH to key species
within an innovative decentralised vermifiltration system. Water Sci Technol 55:211–218
Hughes R, Nair J, Ho G (2008) The toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to the vermifiltration
wastewater treatment process. Water Sci Technol 58:1215–1220
Hughes RJ, Nair J, Ho G (2009) The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species
in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresour Technol 100(16):3815–3819
Ireland MP (1983) Heavy metals uptake in earthworms. In: Earthworm ecology. Chapman & Hall,
London
Jasti N, Khanal SK, Pometto AL, Leeuwen JV (2006) Fungal treatment of corn processing
wastewater in an attached growth system. Water Pract Technol 1(3):wpt2006069. https://doi.
org/10.2166/WPT.2006069
Jefferson B, Laine AL, Judd SJ, Stephenson T (2000) Membrane bioreactors and their role in
wastewater reuse. Water Sci Technol 41(1):197–204
Julka JM (1986) Earthworm resources in India. In: National seminar on organic waste utilization, pp
1–7
Komarowski S (2001) Vermiculture for sewage and water treatment sludges. Water Publication of
Australian Water and Wastewater Association, pp 39–43
Kruzic AJ, Schroeder ED (1990) Nitrogen removal in the overland wastewater treatment process:
removal mechanisms. J Water Pollut Control Fed 62(7):867–876
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Bhargava R, Prasad KSH (2014) Performance evaluation of vermifilter at
different hydraulic loading rate using riverbed material. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi A (2016) A comparative study on
vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57:6347–6354
Leach LE, Enfield CG (1983) Nitrogen control in domestic wastewater rapid infiltration systems. J
Water Pollut Control Fed 55(9):1150–1157
Lens PN, Vochten PM, Speleers L, Verstraet WH (1994) Direct treatment of domestic wastewater
by percolation over peat, bark and woodchips. Water Res 28:17–26
Li YS, Robin P, Cluzeau D, Bouché M, Qiu JP, Laplanche A, Hassouna M, Morand P, Dappelo C,
Callarec J (2008) Vermifiltration as a stage in reuse of swine wastewater: monitoring methodology on an experimental farm. Ecol Eng 32(4):301–309
Li YS, Xiao YQ, Qiu JP, Dai YQ, Robin P (2009) Continuous village sewage treatment by
vermifiltration and activated sludge process. Water Sci Technol 60:3001–3010
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Lu Y (2013) Properties of biofilm in a vermifiltration system for domestic
wastewater sludge stabilization. Chem Eng J 223:932–943
Lodge BN, Seager T, Stephenson T, English PH, Ford R (2000) A water recycling plant at the
millennium dome. Civ Eng 138:58–64
Markman S, Guschinna IA, Barnsleya S, Buchanana KL, Pascoea D, Mullera CT (2007) Endocrine
disrupting chemicals accumulate in earthworms exposed to sewage effluents. Chemosphere 70
(1):119–125
2 Vermifiltration for Rural Wastewater Treatment
33
hitherto unpublished letters. John Murray, London, p 508
Dixon A, Butler D, Fewkes A (1999) Water saving potential of domestic water reuse systems using
greywater and rainwater in combination. Water Sci Technol 39(5):25–32
Gardner T, Geary P, Gordon I (1997) Ecological sustainability and onsite effluent treatment
systems. Aust J Environ Manag 4(1):144–156
Ghangrekar MM, Kishor N, Mitra A (2007) Sewage reuse for aquaculture after treatment in
oxidation and duckweed pond. Water Sci Technol 55:173–181
Hand P (1988) Earthworm biotechnology. In: Greenshields R (ed) Resources and application of
biotechnology: the new wave. MacMillan Press Ltd, New York
Hartenstein R, Bisesi MS (1989) Use of earthworm biotechnology for the management of effluents
from intensively housed livestock. Outlook Agric 18:72–76
Hughes R, Nair J, Mathew K, Ho G (2007) Toxicity of domestic wastewater pH to key species
within an innovative decentralised vermifiltration system. Water Sci Technol 55:211–218
Hughes R, Nair J, Ho G (2008) The toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to the vermifiltration
wastewater treatment process. Water Sci Technol 58:1215–1220
Hughes RJ, Nair J, Ho G (2009) The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species
in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresour Technol 100(16):3815–3819
Ireland MP (1983) Heavy metals uptake in earthworms. In: Earthworm ecology. Chapman & Hall,
London
Jasti N, Khanal SK, Pometto AL, Leeuwen JV (2006) Fungal treatment of corn processing
wastewater in an attached growth system. Water Pract Technol 1(3):wpt2006069. https://doi.
org/10.2166/WPT.2006069
Jefferson B, Laine AL, Judd SJ, Stephenson T (2000) Membrane bioreactors and their role in
wastewater reuse. Water Sci Technol 41(1):197–204
Julka JM (1986) Earthworm resources in India. In: National seminar on organic waste utilization, pp
1–7
Komarowski S (2001) Vermiculture for sewage and water treatment sludges. Water Publication of
Australian Water and Wastewater Association, pp 39–43
Kruzic AJ, Schroeder ED (1990) Nitrogen removal in the overland wastewater treatment process:
removal mechanisms. J Water Pollut Control Fed 62(7):867–876
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Bhargava R, Prasad KSH (2014) Performance evaluation of vermifilter at
different hydraulic loading rate using riverbed material. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi A (2016) A comparative study on
vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57:6347–6354
Leach LE, Enfield CG (1983) Nitrogen control in domestic wastewater rapid infiltration systems. J
Water Pollut Control Fed 55(9):1150–1157
Lens PN, Vochten PM, Speleers L, Verstraet WH (1994) Direct treatment of domestic wastewater
by percolation over peat, bark and woodchips. Water Res 28:17–26
Li YS, Robin P, Cluzeau D, Bouché M, Qiu JP, Laplanche A, Hassouna M, Morand P, Dappelo C,
Callarec J (2008) Vermifiltration as a stage in reuse of swine wastewater: monitoring methodology on an experimental farm. Ecol Eng 32(4):301–309
Li YS, Xiao YQ, Qiu JP, Dai YQ, Robin P (2009) Continuous village sewage treatment by
vermifiltration and activated sludge process. Water Sci Technol 60:3001–3010
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Lu Y (2013) Properties of biofilm in a vermifiltration system for domestic
wastewater sludge stabilization. Chem Eng J 223:932–943
Lodge BN, Seager T, Stephenson T, English PH, Ford R (2000) A water recycling plant at the
millennium dome. Civ Eng 138:58–64
Markman S, Guschinna IA, Barnsleya S, Buchanana KL, Pascoea D, Mullera CT (2007) Endocrine
disrupting chemicals accumulate in earthworms exposed to sewage effluents. Chemosphere 70
(1):119–125
2 Vermifiltration for Rural Wastewater Treatment
33