conventional treatment techniques. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 10.1108/SASBE06-2019-0079.
Khan NA, Khan SU, Islam DT, Ahmed S, Farooqi IH, Isa MH et al (2019b) Performance evaluation
of column-SBR in paper and pulp wastewater treatment: optimization and bio-kinetics. Desalin
Water Treat 156:204–219
Kumar T, Bhargava R, Prasad KH, Pruthi V (2015) Evaluation of vermifiltration process using
natural ingredients for effective wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi AA (2016) A comparative study
on vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57(14):6347–6354
Lazcano C, Gómez-Brandón M, Domínguez J (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of
composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure.
Chemosphere 72(7):1013–1019
Li YS, Robin P, Cluzeau D, Bouché M, Qiu JP, Laplanche A et al (2008) Vermifiltration as a stage
in the reuse of swine wastewater: monitoring methodology on an experimental farm. Ecol Eng
32(4):301–309
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Lu Y (2013a) Properties of biofilm in a vermifiltration system for domestic
wastewater sludge stabilization. Chem Eng J 223:932–943
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Zhao L, Dai X (2013b) Organic matter humification in vermifiltration
process for domestic sewage sludge treatment by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Hazard Mater 261:491–499
Lim SL, Wu TY, Clarke C (2014) Treatment and biotransformation of highly polluted agroindustrial wastewater from a palm oil mill into vermicompost using earthworms. J Agric Food
Chem 62(3):691–698
Lim SL, Wu TY, Lim PN, Shak KPY (2015) The use of vermicompost in organic farming:
overview, effects on soil and economics. J Sci Food Agric 95(6):1143–1156
Lim SL, Lee LH, Wu TY (2016) Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting
technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent overview, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic analysis. J Clean Prod 111:262–278
Liu XQ, Yan BX, Liu SY, Zhu H (2013) Influence of outside environmental variations on ammonia
nitrogen adsorption characteristics of HVMT/PC/EPDM composite. Environ Earth Sci 69
(8):2541–2548
Lom T (1977) A new trend in the treatment of alkaline brewery effluents. Tech Quart Master
Brewers Assoc Am 14:50–58
López-González JA, del Carmen Vargas-García M, López MJ, Suárez-Estrella F, del Mar
Jurado M, Moreno J (2015) Biodiversity and succession of mycobiota associated to agricultural
lignocellulosic waste-based composting. Bioresour Technol 187:305–313
Luth L, Robin P, Germain P, Lecomte M, Landrain B, Li Y, Cluzeau D (2011) Earthworm effects
on gaseous emissions during vermifiltration of pig fresh slurry. Bior Tech 102(4):3679–3686
Lourenço N, Nunes LM (2017) Optimization of a vermifiltration process for treating urban
wastewater. Ecol Eng 100:138–146
Manyuchi MM, Mupoperi N, Mbohwa C, Muzenda E (2019) Treatment of wastewater using
vermifiltration technology. In: Water conservation, recycling and reuse: issues and challenges.
Springer, Singapore, pp 215–230
Masters GM, Ela WP (2004) Introduction to environmental engineering and science, 3rd edn.
Pearson, London
Merlin G, Cottin N (2009) Performance of a compost biofilter containing earthworms to treat cheese
whey. Environ Technol 30(10):995–1002
Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) (2015). envis.nic.in
Narayana T (2009) Municipal solid waste management in India: from waste disposal to the recovery
of resources. Waste Manag 29(3):1163–1166
6 Vermitechnology: A Sustainable Approach in the Management of Solid and Liquid. . .
103
Khan NA, Khan SU, Islam DT, Ahmed S, Farooqi IH, Isa MH et al (2019b) Performance evaluation
of column-SBR in paper and pulp wastewater treatment: optimization and bio-kinetics. Desalin
Water Treat 156:204–219
Kumar T, Bhargava R, Prasad KH, Pruthi V (2015) Evaluation of vermifiltration process using
natural ingredients for effective wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi AA (2016) A comparative study
on vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57(14):6347–6354
Lazcano C, Gómez-Brandón M, Domínguez J (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of
composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure.
Chemosphere 72(7):1013–1019
Li YS, Robin P, Cluzeau D, Bouché M, Qiu JP, Laplanche A et al (2008) Vermifiltration as a stage
in the reuse of swine wastewater: monitoring methodology on an experimental farm. Ecol Eng
32(4):301–309
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Lu Y (2013a) Properties of biofilm in a vermifiltration system for domestic
wastewater sludge stabilization. Chem Eng J 223:932–943
Li X, Xing M, Yang J, Zhao L, Dai X (2013b) Organic matter humification in vermifiltration
process for domestic sewage sludge treatment by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Hazard Mater 261:491–499
Lim SL, Wu TY, Clarke C (2014) Treatment and biotransformation of highly polluted agroindustrial wastewater from a palm oil mill into vermicompost using earthworms. J Agric Food
Chem 62(3):691–698
Lim SL, Wu TY, Lim PN, Shak KPY (2015) The use of vermicompost in organic farming:
overview, effects on soil and economics. J Sci Food Agric 95(6):1143–1156
Lim SL, Lee LH, Wu TY (2016) Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting
technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent overview, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic analysis. J Clean Prod 111:262–278
Liu XQ, Yan BX, Liu SY, Zhu H (2013) Influence of outside environmental variations on ammonia
nitrogen adsorption characteristics of HVMT/PC/EPDM composite. Environ Earth Sci 69
(8):2541–2548
Lom T (1977) A new trend in the treatment of alkaline brewery effluents. Tech Quart Master
Brewers Assoc Am 14:50–58
López-González JA, del Carmen Vargas-García M, López MJ, Suárez-Estrella F, del Mar
Jurado M, Moreno J (2015) Biodiversity and succession of mycobiota associated to agricultural
lignocellulosic waste-based composting. Bioresour Technol 187:305–313
Luth L, Robin P, Germain P, Lecomte M, Landrain B, Li Y, Cluzeau D (2011) Earthworm effects
on gaseous emissions during vermifiltration of pig fresh slurry. Bior Tech 102(4):3679–3686
Lourenço N, Nunes LM (2017) Optimization of a vermifiltration process for treating urban
wastewater. Ecol Eng 100:138–146
Manyuchi MM, Mupoperi N, Mbohwa C, Muzenda E (2019) Treatment of wastewater using
vermifiltration technology. In: Water conservation, recycling and reuse: issues and challenges.
Springer, Singapore, pp 215–230
Masters GM, Ela WP (2004) Introduction to environmental engineering and science, 3rd edn.
Pearson, London
Merlin G, Cottin N (2009) Performance of a compost biofilter containing earthworms to treat cheese
whey. Environ Technol 30(10):995–1002
Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) (2015). envis.nic.in
Narayana T (2009) Municipal solid waste management in India: from waste disposal to the recovery
of resources. Waste Manag 29(3):1163–1166
6 Vermitechnology: A Sustainable Approach in the Management of Solid and Liquid. . .
103