609
oil concentration, 113
oil degradation, 113, 114
oil-saturated zones, 113
oxygen, 113
planktonic environments, 113
and seawater enrichments, ex situ
incubations, 116–119
Sediment-to-water column ratio (K), 539
SGoM model
features, 553
fisheries catch data, 556
functional groups, 555, 556
hydrographic data, 555
Shake flask technique, 127
Shallower spills, 91
Ship strike, 436
Short-lived radioisotopes, 239
Shrimp fishery, 423
Shrinking, 73
Single fluid particles, 66–68
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs), 523
Single-phase jets, 54
Sinking velocities, 205
Sinuous wave breakup, 45
Skimming, 443
Soft bottom habitats, deep GoM, 356
benthic invertebrates, 362
diversity of infauna, 362
during DWH, 365–367
after DWH, 367–368
before DWH, 363–365
macrofauna, 362, 363
meiofauna, 362, 363
Solid OMAs, 200
Southern GoM, Ixtoc 1
conventional petroleum fingerprinting
alkylated dibenzothiophenes and
phenanthrenes, 321
FTICR-MS, 321–323
terpane signatures, 320
environmental oil fingerprinting, 318
geochronology, 318
hydrocarbon contamination, 315–317
PCB chronostratigraphy, 318, 319
petroleum constituents, sources of, 315
tandem organic geochemical and
geochronological analyses, 318
Southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM), 553
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 48
Spatiotemporal 4th order Runga-Kutta
scheme, 144
Spawning, 419, 425, 426
Species extrapolation, 473
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs),
472–474, 491
Sperm whales, 432, 433, 439–441, 445, 446,
448, 450
Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment
(SIMA), 164
Spotted dolphin, 432
Spraying dispersants, 161
SSU rRNA gene sequence, 112
Stable isotopes, 289, 292
Standard aquatic species, 491
Standard toxicity testing, 482, 484
Stenella, 432, 439, 441, 447, 448
Stirred-tank reactors, 52
Stirrer cells, 48, 49
Stokes’ law, 21, 159
Stranding, 436, 440, 442, 444
Structure-dependent biodegradation, 115
Sub-grid-scale turbulent diffusion, 144
Sub-lethal effect concentrations (ECs), 485
Sub-lethal effects, on oil-exposed fishes
diet and trophic level shifts, 392–394
growth rates, 392
habitat shifts (see Habitat shifts)
health effects, 397–401
histopathology (see Histopathological
techniques)
immunosuppression, 397
immunotoxicity, 397–401
larval abundance, 390–392
population-level effects, 392
pre- and post-DWH, 393, 394
Submarine oil spill, 126–129, 131, 135
Sub-optimal natural dispersion, 166
Sub-sea dispersant injection (SSDI), 48, 60,
142, 146, 149, 150
Subsea oil spill, 183
Sub-surface dispersant injection (SSDI), 173,
176–178, 188, 586, 588
vs. small oil droplet formation, 8
and water column, 181–185
Subsurface oil droplets, 23
Subsurface release
blockage, 20
blowout, 19
BOPs, 20
BP, 20
gas hydrates, 20
hydrocarbons, 20
jet break-up region, 20
oil jets, 19
oil spilled, 19
physical/chemical characteristics, 20
plumes (see Plumes)
Index
oil concentration, 113
oil degradation, 113, 114
oil-saturated zones, 113
oxygen, 113
planktonic environments, 113
and seawater enrichments, ex situ
incubations, 116–119
Sediment-to-water column ratio (K), 539
SGoM model
features, 553
fisheries catch data, 556
functional groups, 555, 556
hydrographic data, 555
Shake flask technique, 127
Shallower spills, 91
Ship strike, 436
Short-lived radioisotopes, 239
Shrimp fishery, 423
Shrinking, 73
Single fluid particles, 66–68
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs), 523
Single-phase jets, 54
Sinking velocities, 205
Sinuous wave breakup, 45
Skimming, 443
Soft bottom habitats, deep GoM, 356
benthic invertebrates, 362
diversity of infauna, 362
during DWH, 365–367
after DWH, 367–368
before DWH, 363–365
macrofauna, 362, 363
meiofauna, 362, 363
Solid OMAs, 200
Southern GoM, Ixtoc 1
conventional petroleum fingerprinting
alkylated dibenzothiophenes and
phenanthrenes, 321
FTICR-MS, 321–323
terpane signatures, 320
environmental oil fingerprinting, 318
geochronology, 318
hydrocarbon contamination, 315–317
PCB chronostratigraphy, 318, 319
petroleum constituents, sources of, 315
tandem organic geochemical and
geochronological analyses, 318
Southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM), 553
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 48
Spatiotemporal 4th order Runga-Kutta
scheme, 144
Spawning, 419, 425, 426
Species extrapolation, 473
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs),
472–474, 491
Sperm whales, 432, 433, 439–441, 445, 446,
448, 450
Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment
(SIMA), 164
Spotted dolphin, 432
Spraying dispersants, 161
SSU rRNA gene sequence, 112
Stable isotopes, 289, 292
Standard aquatic species, 491
Standard toxicity testing, 482, 484
Stenella, 432, 439, 441, 447, 448
Stirred-tank reactors, 52
Stirrer cells, 48, 49
Stokes’ law, 21, 159
Stranding, 436, 440, 442, 444
Structure-dependent biodegradation, 115
Sub-grid-scale turbulent diffusion, 144
Sub-lethal effect concentrations (ECs), 485
Sub-lethal effects, on oil-exposed fishes
diet and trophic level shifts, 392–394
growth rates, 392
habitat shifts (see Habitat shifts)
health effects, 397–401
histopathology (see Histopathological
techniques)
immunosuppression, 397
immunotoxicity, 397–401
larval abundance, 390–392
population-level effects, 392
pre- and post-DWH, 393, 394
Submarine oil spill, 126–129, 131, 135
Sub-optimal natural dispersion, 166
Sub-sea dispersant injection (SSDI), 48, 60,
142, 146, 149, 150
Subsea oil spill, 183
Sub-surface dispersant injection (SSDI), 173,
176–178, 188, 586, 588
vs. small oil droplet formation, 8
and water column, 181–185
Subsurface oil droplets, 23
Subsurface release
blockage, 20
blowout, 19
BOPs, 20
BP, 20
gas hydrates, 20
hydrocarbons, 20
jet break-up region, 20
oil jets, 19
oil spilled, 19
physical/chemical characteristics, 20
plumes (see Plumes)
Index