603
Leatherback, 433, 442
Lethal concentrations (LCs), 485
Lipid biomarkers, 294
Lipid peroxidation (LPO), 506
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 49
Liquid chromatography, 26
Live fluids, 31
Live oil, 31, 32, 48, 53–58, 66, 78, 97, 127,
131, 132, 136, 140, 141
Live oil droplets, 140, 141
BOPs, 76
crude (LSC) oil, 76
decompression rates and temperatures, 75
definition, 73
degassing, 75
droplet volume, 73
DWH blowout, 76
gas-saturated, 73, 74
high-pressure, 73–75
internal degassing, 73
mean density, 73
methane density, 73
methane-saturated LSC, 76
nucleation barrier, 76
rise velocity, 73
supersaturation, 75
volume-equivalent droplet diameters, 75
Loggerheads, 433
Louisiana Sweet Crude (LSC) oil, 33–35, 37,
71, 72
Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(LMWH), 552
M
Macondo well (MW) oil, 313, 323
carbon intensity distribution, 29, 31
compound class distribution, 28, 30
DBE, 29, 31
FTICR-MS, 28
gas-to-oil ratio, 28
GC-MS amenable, 28
maturity assessment, 28, 29
nonpolar fraction, 29
pyrrolic species, 29
RITT, 28
TLC-SARA, 28
viscosity, 28
Macrofauna, 362
abundances, 364
bioindicators, 366
community, 364
in Gulf of Mexico deep-sea sediments, 363
and meiofauna, 366
nematodes and copepods, 364
taxa richness and diversity, 367
Manganese (Mn)
benthic foraminifera, 278
double Mn peak, 275–276
geochemistry, 274–275
oxic sediments, 271
oxidation states, 271
oxide peaks, 279
pre-impact geochemistry, 272–273
redox chemistry, 271
redox cycle, 271
redox-sensitive metal profiles, 275
Marine environment, 126, 416, 427
Marine fish, 498
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 5
Marine mammals, 472
anthropogenic activity, 436
anthropogenic noise, 434
Barataria Bay, 451
Bryde’s whale, 432
debris entanglement, 435
dispersants, 443, 444
GOM, 432
habitat and environmental degradation, 436
HARP, 445
Kogia, 432
mortality events, 444
offshore surveys, 437
oil exposure, 440, 441
PAM, 438, 439, 451
ship strike, 436
shipping, 434
sperm whale, 432
trawls, 435
UMEs, 436, 444
vessel strikes, 434
visual survey, 453
Marine oil-derived snow, 115
Marine oil snow (MOS), 145, 167, 202
discoveries, 202
dispersants, on oil spills, 203
with DwH spill, 202
gravitational settling, 205
microhabitat and food web, 203–205
MOSSFA (see MOSSFA (Marine Oil
Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent
Accumulation))
mucus-rich, 204
oil into marine snow, 202
release of oil, 200, 202
resuspension, 204
sinking velocities, 205
Marine oil spills, 5
Index
Leatherback, 433, 442
Lethal concentrations (LCs), 485
Lipid biomarkers, 294
Lipid peroxidation (LPO), 506
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 49
Liquid chromatography, 26
Live fluids, 31
Live oil, 31, 32, 48, 53–58, 66, 78, 97, 127,
131, 132, 136, 140, 141
Live oil droplets, 140, 141
BOPs, 76
crude (LSC) oil, 76
decompression rates and temperatures, 75
definition, 73
degassing, 75
droplet volume, 73
DWH blowout, 76
gas-saturated, 73, 74
high-pressure, 73–75
internal degassing, 73
mean density, 73
methane density, 73
methane-saturated LSC, 76
nucleation barrier, 76
rise velocity, 73
supersaturation, 75
volume-equivalent droplet diameters, 75
Loggerheads, 433
Louisiana Sweet Crude (LSC) oil, 33–35, 37,
71, 72
Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(LMWH), 552
M
Macondo well (MW) oil, 313, 323
carbon intensity distribution, 29, 31
compound class distribution, 28, 30
DBE, 29, 31
FTICR-MS, 28
gas-to-oil ratio, 28
GC-MS amenable, 28
maturity assessment, 28, 29
nonpolar fraction, 29
pyrrolic species, 29
RITT, 28
TLC-SARA, 28
viscosity, 28
Macrofauna, 362
abundances, 364
bioindicators, 366
community, 364
in Gulf of Mexico deep-sea sediments, 363
and meiofauna, 366
nematodes and copepods, 364
taxa richness and diversity, 367
Manganese (Mn)
benthic foraminifera, 278
double Mn peak, 275–276
geochemistry, 274–275
oxic sediments, 271
oxidation states, 271
oxide peaks, 279
pre-impact geochemistry, 272–273
redox chemistry, 271
redox cycle, 271
redox-sensitive metal profiles, 275
Marine environment, 126, 416, 427
Marine fish, 498
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 5
Marine mammals, 472
anthropogenic activity, 436
anthropogenic noise, 434
Barataria Bay, 451
Bryde’s whale, 432
debris entanglement, 435
dispersants, 443, 444
GOM, 432
habitat and environmental degradation, 436
HARP, 445
Kogia, 432
mortality events, 444
offshore surveys, 437
oil exposure, 440, 441
PAM, 438, 439, 451
ship strike, 436
shipping, 434
sperm whale, 432
trawls, 435
UMEs, 436, 444
vessel strikes, 434
visual survey, 453
Marine oil-derived snow, 115
Marine oil snow (MOS), 145, 167, 202
discoveries, 202
dispersants, on oil spills, 203
with DwH spill, 202
gravitational settling, 205
microhabitat and food web, 203–205
MOSSFA (see MOSSFA (Marine Oil
Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent
Accumulation))
mucus-rich, 204
oil into marine snow, 202
release of oil, 200, 202
resuspension, 204
sinking velocities, 205
Marine oil spills, 5
Index