495
Finch BE, Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM, Stubblefield WA (2017) Phototoxic potential of undispersed
and dispersed fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms.
Environ Toxicol Chem 36:2640–2650
Forth HP, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Lay CR, Lipton J (2017a) Characterization of dissolved
and particulate phases of water accommodated fractions used to conduct aquatic toxicity testing in support of the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment. Environ Toxicol
Chem 36:1460–1472
Forth HP, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Lipton J (2017b) Characterization of oil and water accommodated fractions used to conduct aquatic toxicity testing in support of the Deepwater Horizon
oil spill natural resource damage assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 36:1450–1459
French-McKay DP (2002) Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model,
(OilToxEx). J Environ Toxicol Chem 21:2080–2094
Garr AL, Laramore S, Krebs W (2014) Toxic effects of oil and dispersant on marine microalgae.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 93:654–659
Grosell M, Griffitt RJ, Sherwood TA, Wetzel DL (2020) Digging deeper than LC/EC50: nontraditional endpoints and non-model species in oil spill toxicology (Chap. 29). In: Murawski
SA, Ainsworth C, Gilbert S, Hollander D, Paris CB, Schlüter M, Wetzel D (eds) Deep oil spills:
facts, fate, effects. Springer, Cham
Khursigara AJ, Perrichon P, Martinez Bautista N, Burggren WW, Esbaugh AJ (2017) Cardiac function and survival are affected by crude oil in larval red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Sci Total
Environ 579:797–804
Laramore S, Krebs W, Garr A (2014) Effects of Macondo Canyon 252 oil (naturally and chemically dispersed) on larval Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). J Shellfish Res 33:709–718
McGrath JA, Fanelli CJ, Di Toro DM, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Paumen ML, Comber M,
Eadsforth CV, den Haan K (2018) Re-evaluation of target lipid model–derived HC5 predictions for hydrocarbons. Environ Toxicol Chem 37(6):1579–1593
Mitchelmore CL, Griffitt RJ, Coelho GM, Wetzel DL (2020) Modernizing protocols for aquatic
toxicity testing of oil and dispersant (Chap. 14). In: Murawski SA, Ainsworth C, Gilbert S,
Hollander D, Paris CB, Schlüter M, Wetzel D (eds) Scenarios and responses to future deep oil
spills: fighting the next war. Springer, Cham
Morris J, Krasnec M, Carney M, Forth H, Lay C, Lipton I, McFadden A, Takeshita R, Cacela D,
Holmes J (2015) Deepwater Horizon oil spill natural resource damage assessment comprehensive toxicity testing program: overview, methods, and results. DWH-AR0293761. Technical
report. Prepared by Abt Associates, Boulder, CO and Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Assessment and Restoration
Division, Seattle, WA. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/doiddata/dwh-ar-documents/952/
DWH-AR0302396.pdf
National Research Council (1989) Using oil spill dispersants on the sea. National Research
Council, Committee on Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants. National Academy Press,
Washington, DC
National Research Council (2005) Oil spill dispersants; efficacy and effects. National Academies
Press, Washington DC, p 400. https://doi.org/10.17226/11283
NOAA/ERD (2015) Chemical aquatic fate and effects (CAFE) database. Version 1.1 [computer
software]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Emergency Response Division,
Office of Response and Restoration, Seattle. p. 40 + Appendices
Özhan K, Miles SM, Gao H, Bargu S (2014) Relative phytoplankton growth responses to physically and chemically dispersed South Louisiana sweet crude oil. Environ Monit Assess
186:3941–3956
Redman AD, Parkerton TF (2015) Guidance for improving comparability and relevance of oil
toxicity tests. Mar Pollut Bull 98(1–2):156–170
Sandoval K, Ding Y, Gardinali P (2017) Characterization and environmental relevance of oil water
preparations of fresh and weathered MC-252 Macondo oils used in toxicology testing. Sci
Total Environ 576:118–128
28 A Synthesis of DWH Oil: Chemical Dispersant and Chemically Dispersed Oil…
Finch BE, Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM, Stubblefield WA (2017) Phototoxic potential of undispersed
and dispersed fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms.
Environ Toxicol Chem 36:2640–2650
Forth HP, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Lay CR, Lipton J (2017a) Characterization of dissolved
and particulate phases of water accommodated fractions used to conduct aquatic toxicity testing in support of the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment. Environ Toxicol
Chem 36:1460–1472
Forth HP, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Lipton J (2017b) Characterization of oil and water accommodated fractions used to conduct aquatic toxicity testing in support of the Deepwater Horizon
oil spill natural resource damage assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 36:1450–1459
French-McKay DP (2002) Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model,
(OilToxEx). J Environ Toxicol Chem 21:2080–2094
Garr AL, Laramore S, Krebs W (2014) Toxic effects of oil and dispersant on marine microalgae.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 93:654–659
Grosell M, Griffitt RJ, Sherwood TA, Wetzel DL (2020) Digging deeper than LC/EC50: nontraditional endpoints and non-model species in oil spill toxicology (Chap. 29). In: Murawski
SA, Ainsworth C, Gilbert S, Hollander D, Paris CB, Schlüter M, Wetzel D (eds) Deep oil spills:
facts, fate, effects. Springer, Cham
Khursigara AJ, Perrichon P, Martinez Bautista N, Burggren WW, Esbaugh AJ (2017) Cardiac function and survival are affected by crude oil in larval red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Sci Total
Environ 579:797–804
Laramore S, Krebs W, Garr A (2014) Effects of Macondo Canyon 252 oil (naturally and chemically dispersed) on larval Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). J Shellfish Res 33:709–718
McGrath JA, Fanelli CJ, Di Toro DM, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Paumen ML, Comber M,
Eadsforth CV, den Haan K (2018) Re-evaluation of target lipid model–derived HC5 predictions for hydrocarbons. Environ Toxicol Chem 37(6):1579–1593
Mitchelmore CL, Griffitt RJ, Coelho GM, Wetzel DL (2020) Modernizing protocols for aquatic
toxicity testing of oil and dispersant (Chap. 14). In: Murawski SA, Ainsworth C, Gilbert S,
Hollander D, Paris CB, Schlüter M, Wetzel D (eds) Scenarios and responses to future deep oil
spills: fighting the next war. Springer, Cham
Morris J, Krasnec M, Carney M, Forth H, Lay C, Lipton I, McFadden A, Takeshita R, Cacela D,
Holmes J (2015) Deepwater Horizon oil spill natural resource damage assessment comprehensive toxicity testing program: overview, methods, and results. DWH-AR0293761. Technical
report. Prepared by Abt Associates, Boulder, CO and Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Assessment and Restoration
Division, Seattle, WA. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/doiddata/dwh-ar-documents/952/
DWH-AR0302396.pdf
National Research Council (1989) Using oil spill dispersants on the sea. National Research
Council, Committee on Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants. National Academy Press,
Washington, DC
National Research Council (2005) Oil spill dispersants; efficacy and effects. National Academies
Press, Washington DC, p 400. https://doi.org/10.17226/11283
NOAA/ERD (2015) Chemical aquatic fate and effects (CAFE) database. Version 1.1 [computer
software]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Emergency Response Division,
Office of Response and Restoration, Seattle. p. 40 + Appendices
Özhan K, Miles SM, Gao H, Bargu S (2014) Relative phytoplankton growth responses to physically and chemically dispersed South Louisiana sweet crude oil. Environ Monit Assess
186:3941–3956
Redman AD, Parkerton TF (2015) Guidance for improving comparability and relevance of oil
toxicity tests. Mar Pollut Bull 98(1–2):156–170
Sandoval K, Ding Y, Gardinali P (2017) Characterization and environmental relevance of oil water
preparations of fresh and weathered MC-252 Macondo oils used in toxicology testing. Sci
Total Environ 576:118–128
28 A Synthesis of DWH Oil: Chemical Dispersant and Chemically Dispersed Oil…