vi
Contents
2.2.3 When to Sample
44
2.2.3.1 Lake or Stream Characterization
46
2.2.3.2 Synoptic Survey
46
2.2.3.3 Characterization of Episodic Chemistry during
Hydrologic Events
48
2.2.3.4 Long-Term Monitoring
48
2.3
Field Methods
49
2.3.1 Pretrip Preparations
50
2.3.1.1 Permits and Access
50
2.3.1.2 Laboratory and Sample Bottle Arrangements
53
2.3.1.3
Acquisition of Equipment, Supplies, and Data Forms 55
2.3.1.4 Plan for Staffing
56
2.3.2 Sample Collection
57
2.3.2.1 Collection of Stream Water
58
2.3.2.2 Collection of Lake Water
63
2.3.3 On-Site Measurements
66
2.3.3.1 Evaluation of Site Characteristics
66
2.3.3.2 Stream Stage and Discharge and Lake Level
66
2.3.3.3
Ancillary Data (Chemical and Physical Information
That Is Not Necessary But May Be Useful)
69
2.3.3.4 On-Site Processing of Samples
72
2.3.4
Postcollection Sample Processing, Documentation, and Cleanup 73
2.3.4.1 Sample Documentation
73
2.3.4.2 Postsampling Equipment Cleanup
73
2.3.5 Sequence of Field Activities
75
2.3.6 Safety in Field Activities
75
2.3.6.1 Key Safety Considerations
75
2.3.6.2 Job Hazard Analysis
76
References
77
3 Laboratory Analyses
81
3.1
Introduction
81
3.2
Laboratory Preparation Prior to Sample Analysis
82
3.2.1 Bottle Cleaning
82
3.2.1.1 Cleaning Bottles Used for Sample Collection in
the Field
85
3.2.1.2 Cleaning Bottles Used for
General Laboratory Use, Unacidified Aliquots
85
3.2.1.3 Cleaning Bottles Used
for General Laboratory Use, Acidified Aliquots
85
3.2.2 Sample Processing, Preservation, and Storage
86
3.3
Chemical Analysis
90