v
Contents
List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xvii
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
About the Authors
xxv
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxvii
Glossary
xxxi
1 Purpose and Study Design
1
1.1
Background
1
1.1.1 Resources Sensitive to Atmospheric Deposition
4
1.1.1.1 Sensitive Chemical Indicators of Water Quality
7
1.1.1.2 Potential Confounding Factors
10
1.1.2 Study Purpose and Objectives
10
1.2
Study Design
16
1.2.1 Lake or Stream Characterization
16
1.2.2 Synoptic Survey
19
1.2.3
Characterization of Stream Chemistry during Hydrologic Events 20
1.2.4 Long-Term Monitoring
21
1.2.5 Other Uses of Resulting Data
21
References
23
2 Water Chemistry Field Sampling
25
2.1
Background
25
2.2
Where, What, and When to Sample
26
2.2.1 Where to Sample
27
2.2.1.1 Selection of Sampling Locations
27
2.2.1.2 Selection of Specific Sampling Sites
32
2.2.1.3 Establishing and Locating Sampling Sites
35
2.2.2 What to Measure
36
2.2.2.1 Acidification Studies
36
2.2.2.2 Eutrophication Studies
40
2.2.2.3 Bioaccumulation and Toxicity Studies
43