Literature review
11
B- Deacetylation of chitin by enzymatic method
Aside from the alkaline deacetylation method, enzymatic deacetylation using chitin
deacetylases derived from various biological sources, such as fungi and insects, offers a
promising alternative for the production of chitosan derivatives (MACKAY and TAIT, 2012).
This approach enables the control of enzymatic activity and minimizes depolymerization,
resulting in a homogeneous product with a more defined pattern of deacetylation. Furthermore,
enzymatic deacetylation is considered a more environmentally friendly option than
thermochemical processes. However, this method can be cost-prohibitive due to the high cost
of chitin deacetylases. Additionally, compared to the industrial chemical process, the enzymatic
deacetylation method may yield a lower quality product at a higher cost. (JENNINGS and
BUMGARDNER, n.d.).
C- Deacetylation of Chitin by Microwave Assisted Method
It has recently been discovered, that the three-step extraction process of chitin can also be
accomplished through microwave-assisted mechanisms, providing a time-saving and
environmentally friendly alternative. (PELLIS et al., 2022).
Knidri et al, demonstrated successful chitosan production through microwave-assisted
deacetylation, achieving a degree of deacetylation of 82.73% within 24-minute timeframe. This
result is noteworthy as it surpasses the degree of deacetylation attained through conventional
methods, which require 5-10 hours to achieve a degree of deacetylation of 81.5%. (AHMED
and IKRAM, 2017)
5. General Properties
Chitosan is a form of polysaccharide that consists of varying amounts of (1-4)-glycosidic bonds
connecting glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine. The presence of functional groups,
including amino, acetyl amino, and hydroxyl groups in the chitosan sequence Fig (10), exhibits
various physical-chemical, biological, and technological properties (ARANAZ et al., 2021)
Figure 10 : Major units in chitin and chitosan (THOMAS et
al., 2020)
11
B- Deacetylation of chitin by enzymatic method
Aside from the alkaline deacetylation method, enzymatic deacetylation using chitin
deacetylases derived from various biological sources, such as fungi and insects, offers a
promising alternative for the production of chitosan derivatives (MACKAY and TAIT, 2012).
This approach enables the control of enzymatic activity and minimizes depolymerization,
resulting in a homogeneous product with a more defined pattern of deacetylation. Furthermore,
enzymatic deacetylation is considered a more environmentally friendly option than
thermochemical processes. However, this method can be cost-prohibitive due to the high cost
of chitin deacetylases. Additionally, compared to the industrial chemical process, the enzymatic
deacetylation method may yield a lower quality product at a higher cost. (JENNINGS and
BUMGARDNER, n.d.).
C- Deacetylation of Chitin by Microwave Assisted Method
It has recently been discovered, that the three-step extraction process of chitin can also be
accomplished through microwave-assisted mechanisms, providing a time-saving and
environmentally friendly alternative. (PELLIS et al., 2022).
Knidri et al, demonstrated successful chitosan production through microwave-assisted
deacetylation, achieving a degree of deacetylation of 82.73% within 24-minute timeframe. This
result is noteworthy as it surpasses the degree of deacetylation attained through conventional
methods, which require 5-10 hours to achieve a degree of deacetylation of 81.5%. (AHMED
and IKRAM, 2017)
5. General Properties
Chitosan is a form of polysaccharide that consists of varying amounts of (1-4)-glycosidic bonds
connecting glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine. The presence of functional groups,
including amino, acetyl amino, and hydroxyl groups in the chitosan sequence Fig (10), exhibits
various physical-chemical, biological, and technological properties (ARANAZ et al., 2021)
Figure 10 : Major units in chitin and chitosan (THOMAS et
al., 2020)