Table 4
(continued)
Reference
and study
Location
Design
Study dates
Population sample size Exposure assessment
Pyrethroid/metabolites Outcomes of interest
Main pyrethroid
findings
window (any/none
application)
Shaw et al.,
2014
[42]
USA
Case-control
study
1997–2006
156 cases and
785 controls
Residential exposure
estimates based on the
poundage of pesticides
at proximity of maternal address
Group and individual
(esfenvalerate only
indicated) pyrethroid
use during a 3-month
periconceptional window (any/none
application)
Gastroschisis
No association
Yang et al.,
2014
[43]
USA
Case-control
study
1997–2006
589 unique cases
(73 anencephaly,
123 spina bifida,
277 cleft lip with or
without cleft palate,
117 cleft palate alone)
and 785 controls
Residential exposure
estimates based on the
poundage of pesticides
applied within 0.5 km
of maternal address
Pyrethroid (group) use
during a 3-month
periconceptional window (any/none
application)
Neural tube defects
(NTD) and orofacial
clefts
No association
Others
Huang et al.,
2018
[44]
South Africa
Longitudinal
birth cohort
study
(VHEMBE
cohort)
2012–2013
666 mother-child pairs
(women recruited at
early stage of labor)
Maternal blood and
spot urine samples
collected either before
or shortly after
delivery
Pyrethroid metabolites
(3-PBA, cisand
trans-DCCA,
DBCA)
Childhood infection
between 1 and 2 years
of age (persistent
fevers, otitis, severe
sore throat)
ascertained from
maternal interviews
Limited evidence of
associations between
pyrethroid metabolite
concentrations and
outcomes of interest
Detection frequencies of cis-DBCA
and 4-F-3-PBA
< 4%, associations not analyzed [38]
VHEMBE
Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment, 3-PBA
3-phenoxybenzoic acid, Cis-DCCA cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, TDCCA trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic
acid, Trans-DDCA trans-3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, DBCA cis-2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic
acid
278
A.-M. Saillenfait and S. Malard
(continued)
Reference
and study
Location
Design
Study dates
Population sample size Exposure assessment
Pyrethroid/metabolites Outcomes of interest
Main pyrethroid
findings
window (any/none
application)
Shaw et al.,
2014
[42]
USA
Case-control
study
1997–2006
156 cases and
785 controls
Residential exposure
estimates based on the
poundage of pesticides
at proximity of maternal address
Group and individual
(esfenvalerate only
indicated) pyrethroid
use during a 3-month
periconceptional window (any/none
application)
Gastroschisis
No association
Yang et al.,
2014
[43]
USA
Case-control
study
1997–2006
589 unique cases
(73 anencephaly,
123 spina bifida,
277 cleft lip with or
without cleft palate,
117 cleft palate alone)
and 785 controls
Residential exposure
estimates based on the
poundage of pesticides
applied within 0.5 km
of maternal address
Pyrethroid (group) use
during a 3-month
periconceptional window (any/none
application)
Neural tube defects
(NTD) and orofacial
clefts
No association
Others
Huang et al.,
2018
[44]
South Africa
Longitudinal
birth cohort
study
(VHEMBE
cohort)
2012–2013
666 mother-child pairs
(women recruited at
early stage of labor)
Maternal blood and
spot urine samples
collected either before
or shortly after
delivery
Pyrethroid metabolites
(3-PBA, cisand
trans-DCCA,
DBCA)
Childhood infection
between 1 and 2 years
of age (persistent
fevers, otitis, severe
sore throat)
ascertained from
maternal interviews
Limited evidence of
associations between
pyrethroid metabolite
concentrations and
outcomes of interest
Detection frequencies of cis-DBCA
and 4-F-3-PBA
< 4%, associations not analyzed [38]
VHEMBE
Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment, 3-PBA
3-phenoxybenzoic acid, Cis-DCCA cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, TDCCA trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic
acid, Trans-DDCA trans-3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, DBCA cis-2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic
acid
278
A.-M. Saillenfait and S. Malard