respiratory symptoms
or diseases (i.e., cough,
asthma, chronic
bronchitis)
Mwanga
et al., 2016
[11]
South Africa
Cross-sectional study
Period not
indicated
211 rural
women
Spot urine and blood
collected at the end of
working day
Pyrethroid metabolites
in urine (3-PBA, 4-F-3PBA, cisand transDCCA, cis-DBCA)
(n
¼ 182)
Serum cytokine related
to allergic and
non-allergic asthma
pathways
Some metabolites positively associated with
both Th2 and non-Th2
cytokines
3-PBA
3-phenoxybenzoic acid, Cis-DCCA cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic
acid, TDCCA trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, Trans-DDCA trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic
acid, 4-F-3-PBA
4-fluoro-3phenoxybenzoic acid, DBCA cis-2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic
acid
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
265