28. Heudorf U, Angerer J, Drexler H (2004) Current internal exposure to pesticides in children and
adolescents in Germany: urinary levels of metabolites of pyrethroid and organophosphorus
insecticides. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 77:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-0030470-5
29. Satoh T, Hosokawa M (1998) The mammalian carboxylesterases: from molecules to functions.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:257–288. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.257
30. Hosokawa M, Maki T, Satoh T (1990) Characterization of molecular species of liver microsomal carboxylesterases of several animal species and humans. Arch Biochem Biophys
277:219–227
31. Huang H, Fleming CD, Nishi K et al (2005) Stereoselective hydrolysis of pyrethroid-like
fluorescent substrates by human and other mammalian liver carboxylesterases. Chem Res
Toxicol 18:1371–1377. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx050072+
32. Tange S, Fujimoto N, Uramaru N et al (2014) In vitro metabolism of cis- and trans-permethrin
by rat liver microsomes, and its effect on estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 37:996–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.009
33. Zehringer M, Herrmann A (2001) Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, pyrethroid insecticides and fragrances in human milk using a laminar cup liner in the GC injector. Eur Food Res
Technol 212:247–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000223
34. Mauck WL, Olson LE (1976) Toxicity of natural pyrethrins and five pyrethroids to fish. Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 4:18–29
35. Shafer T, Rijal S, Gross G (2008) Complete inhibition of spontaneous activity in neuronal
networks in vitro by deltamethrin and permethrin. Neurotoxicology 29:203–212
36. WHO (2005) Safety of pyrethroids for public health use. World Health Organization, Geneva
37. Ray DE, Forshaw PJ (2000) Pyrethroid insecticides: poisoning syndromes, synergies, and
therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:95–101
38. Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P et al (1999) Differential permethrin susceptibility of
head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:969–973
39. Ostrea EM, Bielawski DM, Posecion NC et al (2009) Combined analysis of prenatal (maternal
hair and blood) and neonatal (infant hair, cord blood and meconium) matrices to detect fetal
exposure to environmental pesticides. Environ Res 109:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envres.2008.09.004
40. Channa KR, Rollin HB, Wilson KS et al (2012) Regional variation in pesticide concentrations
in plasma of delivering women residing in rural Indian Ocean coastal regions of South Africa.
J Environ Monit 14:2952–2960. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30264k
41. Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C et al (2015) Toxic heritage: maternal transfer of pyrethroid
insecticides and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. Environ Pollut 207:391–402. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.039
42. Aznar-Alemany Ò, Giménez J, de Stephanis R et al (2017b) Insecticide pyrethroids in liver of
striped dolphin from the Mediterranean Sea. Environ Pollut 225:346–353. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envpol.2017.02.060
43. Corcellas C, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2015) First report of pyrethroid bioaccumulation in wild
river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain). Environ Int 75:110–116. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.007
44. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) The State of World
Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all [en línia].
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a-i5555e.pdf. Accessed Sept 2017
45. Aznar-Alemany Ò, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2017a) Effect of pyrethroid treatment against sea lice
in salmon farming regarding consumers’ health. Food Chem Toxicol 105:347–354. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.036
46. Kolaczinski JH, Curtis CF (2004) Chronic illness as a result of low-level exposure to synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides: a review of the debate. Food Chem Toxicol 42:697–706. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.fct.2003.12.008
Introduction to Pyrethroid Insecticides: Chemical Structures, Properties, Mode. . .
15
adolescents in Germany: urinary levels of metabolites of pyrethroid and organophosphorus
insecticides. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 77:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-0030470-5
29. Satoh T, Hosokawa M (1998) The mammalian carboxylesterases: from molecules to functions.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:257–288. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.257
30. Hosokawa M, Maki T, Satoh T (1990) Characterization of molecular species of liver microsomal carboxylesterases of several animal species and humans. Arch Biochem Biophys
277:219–227
31. Huang H, Fleming CD, Nishi K et al (2005) Stereoselective hydrolysis of pyrethroid-like
fluorescent substrates by human and other mammalian liver carboxylesterases. Chem Res
Toxicol 18:1371–1377. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx050072+
32. Tange S, Fujimoto N, Uramaru N et al (2014) In vitro metabolism of cis- and trans-permethrin
by rat liver microsomes, and its effect on estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 37:996–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.009
33. Zehringer M, Herrmann A (2001) Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, pyrethroid insecticides and fragrances in human milk using a laminar cup liner in the GC injector. Eur Food Res
Technol 212:247–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000223
34. Mauck WL, Olson LE (1976) Toxicity of natural pyrethrins and five pyrethroids to fish. Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 4:18–29
35. Shafer T, Rijal S, Gross G (2008) Complete inhibition of spontaneous activity in neuronal
networks in vitro by deltamethrin and permethrin. Neurotoxicology 29:203–212
36. WHO (2005) Safety of pyrethroids for public health use. World Health Organization, Geneva
37. Ray DE, Forshaw PJ (2000) Pyrethroid insecticides: poisoning syndromes, synergies, and
therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:95–101
38. Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P et al (1999) Differential permethrin susceptibility of
head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:969–973
39. Ostrea EM, Bielawski DM, Posecion NC et al (2009) Combined analysis of prenatal (maternal
hair and blood) and neonatal (infant hair, cord blood and meconium) matrices to detect fetal
exposure to environmental pesticides. Environ Res 109:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envres.2008.09.004
40. Channa KR, Rollin HB, Wilson KS et al (2012) Regional variation in pesticide concentrations
in plasma of delivering women residing in rural Indian Ocean coastal regions of South Africa.
J Environ Monit 14:2952–2960. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30264k
41. Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C et al (2015) Toxic heritage: maternal transfer of pyrethroid
insecticides and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. Environ Pollut 207:391–402. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.039
42. Aznar-Alemany Ò, Giménez J, de Stephanis R et al (2017b) Insecticide pyrethroids in liver of
striped dolphin from the Mediterranean Sea. Environ Pollut 225:346–353. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envpol.2017.02.060
43. Corcellas C, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2015) First report of pyrethroid bioaccumulation in wild
river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain). Environ Int 75:110–116. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.007
44. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) The State of World
Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all [en línia].
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a-i5555e.pdf. Accessed Sept 2017
45. Aznar-Alemany Ò, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2017a) Effect of pyrethroid treatment against sea lice
in salmon farming regarding consumers’ health. Food Chem Toxicol 105:347–354. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.036
46. Kolaczinski JH, Curtis CF (2004) Chronic illness as a result of low-level exposure to synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides: a review of the debate. Food Chem Toxicol 42:697–706. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.fct.2003.12.008
Introduction to Pyrethroid Insecticides: Chemical Structures, Properties, Mode. . .
15