2.2.1 Passive Sampling in Water
Passive sampling devices (PSDs) in water may play a key role in regulatory
management as water quality monitoring tools [57, 58]. For decades many PSDs
have been designed to detect pollutants in water (e.g., [57, 59–62]), sediment (e.g.,
[63, 64]), and air (e.g., [65–67]), with these studies focusing on the detection of
legacy POPs and contaminants of emerging concern [68]. Time-integrative sampling
with PSDs deployed in the field may be a useful and cost-effective method to
determine the bioavailability of pollutants in different places [69, 70]. Some
Table 3 Environmental characteristics and specific pyrethroid treatments used by salmon farms
located in the northern Chilean Patagonia
Data
First campaign November–December
2014
Second campaign April–July 2015
Salmon farm
1 (SF-1)
Salmon farm
2 (SF-2)
Salmon farm
3 (SF-3)
Salmon farm
4 (SF-4)
Environmental conditions
Water temperature (
C)
11.3 Æ 0.2
11.0 Æ 0.1
11.7 Æ 0.1
11.4 Æ 0.03
Salinity
(PSU)
31.8 Æ 3.1
32.5 Æ 0.1
33.5 Æ 0.03
32.3 Æ 0.06
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg L
À1
)
8.2 Æ 0.7
8.5 Æ 0.5
4.2 Æ 0.2
5.8 Æ 0.5
pH
8.4 Æ 0.03
8.4 Æ 0.02
8.0 Æ 0.01
9.7 Æ 0.0
Depth (m)
40
80
80
30
Current
velocity
(cm s
À1
)
7.6 Æ 2.9
8.1 Æ 6.4
2.9 Æ 1.4
9.0 Æ 3.8
Sediment
grain size
Very fine sand to fine
sand (62.5–250 μm)
Fine sand
(125–
250 μm)
Fine sand to
medium sand (125–
500 μm)
Medium sand
(250–500 μm)
Organic matter (%)
1.2 Æ 0.2
1.5 Æ 0.3
1.6 Æ 0.4
1.1 Æ 0.3
Salmon farming treatments
Location
42
25
0 42.54
00 S
73
37
0 19.08
00 W
42
18
0
25.36
00 S
73
18
0
25.63
00 W
42
39
0 59.23
00 S 73
37
0 50.16
00 W
41
48
0 35.32
00 S
73
09
0
56.94
00 W
Species
farmed
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic
salmon
Coho salmon/rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Formulation
used
Deltafav
®
Betamax
®
Deltafav
®
Betamax
®
Active
ingredient
Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin
Doses
(μg L
À1
)
3
1 5
3
1 5
190
F. Tucca and R. Barra
Passive sampling devices (PSDs) in water may play a key role in regulatory
management as water quality monitoring tools [57, 58]. For decades many PSDs
have been designed to detect pollutants in water (e.g., [57, 59–62]), sediment (e.g.,
[63, 64]), and air (e.g., [65–67]), with these studies focusing on the detection of
legacy POPs and contaminants of emerging concern [68]. Time-integrative sampling
with PSDs deployed in the field may be a useful and cost-effective method to
determine the bioavailability of pollutants in different places [69, 70]. Some
Table 3 Environmental characteristics and specific pyrethroid treatments used by salmon farms
located in the northern Chilean Patagonia
Data
First campaign November–December
2014
Second campaign April–July 2015
Salmon farm
1 (SF-1)
Salmon farm
2 (SF-2)
Salmon farm
3 (SF-3)
Salmon farm
4 (SF-4)
Environmental conditions
Water temperature (
C)
11.3 Æ 0.2
11.0 Æ 0.1
11.7 Æ 0.1
11.4 Æ 0.03
Salinity
(PSU)
31.8 Æ 3.1
32.5 Æ 0.1
33.5 Æ 0.03
32.3 Æ 0.06
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg L
À1
)
8.2 Æ 0.7
8.5 Æ 0.5
4.2 Æ 0.2
5.8 Æ 0.5
pH
8.4 Æ 0.03
8.4 Æ 0.02
8.0 Æ 0.01
9.7 Æ 0.0
Depth (m)
40
80
80
30
Current
velocity
(cm s
À1
)
7.6 Æ 2.9
8.1 Æ 6.4
2.9 Æ 1.4
9.0 Æ 3.8
Sediment
grain size
Very fine sand to fine
sand (62.5–250 μm)
Fine sand
(125–
250 μm)
Fine sand to
medium sand (125–
500 μm)
Medium sand
(250–500 μm)
Organic matter (%)
1.2 Æ 0.2
1.5 Æ 0.3
1.6 Æ 0.4
1.1 Æ 0.3
Salmon farming treatments
Location
42
25
0 42.54
00 S
73
37
0 19.08
00 W
42
18
0
25.36
00 S
73
18
0
25.63
00 W
42
39
0 59.23
00 S 73
37
0 50.16
00 W
41
48
0 35.32
00 S
73
09
0
56.94
00 W
Species
farmed
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic
salmon
Coho salmon/rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Formulation
used
Deltafav
®
Betamax
®
Deltafav
®
Betamax
®
Active
ingredient
Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin
Doses
(μg L
À1
)
3
1 5
3
1 5
190
F. Tucca and R. Barra