Danio rerio
(zebrafish) Permethrin
Expression of VTG
c
1 and 2 mRNA
–
Oestrogenicity
(À)-trans
2.6- and 1.8-fold greater than (+)-trans based
on VTG1 and VTG 2 mRNA induction [11]
Oncorhynchus mykiss
(rainbow trout)
Permethrin
VTG
c
-mRNA expression in primary
hepatocytes
– oestrogenicity
1S-cis
Twofold higher expression compared to 1Rcis
[10]
Anuran amphibian (tadpoles)
Rana nigromaculata
alpha-Cypermethrin
Acute toxicity assay 96 h
– LC
50
1R-cis-αS
Approximately 29-fold more toxic than 1Scis-αR
[40]
Mammals
Mus musculus
– ICR
mice
cis-Bifenthrin
Expression of genes biomarkers of endocrine disruption
– at mRNA, protein and
enzymes levels
1S-cis
Maternal exposure during pregnancy
resulted in significant endocrine disruption
(male offspring) compared to 1R-cis [41]
In vitro
– rat adrenal
pheochromocytoma
(PC12) cells
Permethrin
Growth-inhibition effect
– cytotoxicity
1R-trans
Approximately 1.6-fold higher compared to
1S-cis [42]
In vitro
– human breast
carcinoma cell line
MCF-7
cis-Bifenthrin
Oestrogen response gene expression (pS2,
ERα)
e
1S-cis
2.2-fold oestrogenic activity compared to
1R-cis [12]
In vitro
– macrophage
cell line RAW264.7
cis-Bifenthrin
Macrophage apoptosis
– immunotoxicity
1S-cis
Apoptosis was 13% more compared to 1Rcis
[12]
a
Single isomer
b
Lowest observed effective concentration
c
Vitellogenin
d
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
e
Biomarkers of oestrogen exposure in MCF-7 cell lines
Stereoselectivity and Environmental Behaviour of Pyrethroids
159
(zebrafish) Permethrin
Expression of VTG
c
1 and 2 mRNA
–
Oestrogenicity
(À)-trans
2.6- and 1.8-fold greater than (+)-trans based
on VTG1 and VTG 2 mRNA induction [11]
Oncorhynchus mykiss
(rainbow trout)
Permethrin
VTG
c
-mRNA expression in primary
hepatocytes
– oestrogenicity
1S-cis
Twofold higher expression compared to 1Rcis
[10]
Anuran amphibian (tadpoles)
Rana nigromaculata
alpha-Cypermethrin
Acute toxicity assay 96 h
– LC
50
1R-cis-αS
Approximately 29-fold more toxic than 1Scis-αR
[40]
Mammals
Mus musculus
– ICR
mice
cis-Bifenthrin
Expression of genes biomarkers of endocrine disruption
– at mRNA, protein and
enzymes levels
1S-cis
Maternal exposure during pregnancy
resulted in significant endocrine disruption
(male offspring) compared to 1R-cis [41]
In vitro
– rat adrenal
pheochromocytoma
(PC12) cells
Permethrin
Growth-inhibition effect
– cytotoxicity
1R-trans
Approximately 1.6-fold higher compared to
1S-cis [42]
In vitro
– human breast
carcinoma cell line
MCF-7
cis-Bifenthrin
Oestrogen response gene expression (pS2,
ERα)
e
1S-cis
2.2-fold oestrogenic activity compared to
1R-cis [12]
In vitro
– macrophage
cell line RAW264.7
cis-Bifenthrin
Macrophage apoptosis
– immunotoxicity
1S-cis
Apoptosis was 13% more compared to 1Rcis
[12]
a
Single isomer
b
Lowest observed effective concentration
c
Vitellogenin
d
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
e
Biomarkers of oestrogen exposure in MCF-7 cell lines
Stereoselectivity and Environmental Behaviour of Pyrethroids
159