cells and the subsequent germ line. PLoS One 8(7):e66318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0066318
94. Brander SM, Biales AD, Connon RE (2017) The role of epigenomics in aquatic toxicology.
Environ Toxicol Chem 36(10):2565–2573. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3930
95. Kronholm I, Collins S (2016) Epigenetic mutations can both help and hinder adaptive
evolution. Mol Ecol 25(8):1856–1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13296
96. Powell CL, Ferdin ME, Busman M, Kvitek RG, Doucette GJ (2002) Development of a
protocol for determination of domoic acid in the sand crab (Emerita analoga): a possible
new indicator species. Toxicon 40:485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00236-7
97. Bickham JW (2011) The four cornerstones of evolutionary eoxicology. Ecotoxicology 20
(3):497–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0636-y
98. Oziolor EM, Bickham JW, Matson CW (2017) Evolutionary toxicology in an omics world.
Evol Appl 10(8):752–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12462
99. Whitehead A, Clark BW, Reid NM, Hahn ME, Nacci D (2017) When evolution is the solution
to pollution: key principles, and lessons from rapid repeated adaptation of killifish (Fundulus
heteroclitus) populations. Evol Appl 10(8):762–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12470
100. Conner JK, Hartl DL (2004) A primer of ecological genetics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
101. Ffrench-Constant RH, Daborn PJ, Le Goff G (2004) The genetics and genomics of insecticide
resistance. Trends Genet 20(3):163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2004.01.003
102. Feyereisen R (1995) Molecular biology of insecticide resistance. Toxicol Lett 82:83:83–83:90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03470-6
103. Stern DL (2013) The genetic causes of convergent evolution. Nat Rev Genet 14(11):751–764.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3483
104. Mitchell SN, Stevenson BJ, Muller P, Wilding CS, Egyir-Yawson A, Field SG, Hemingway J,
Paine MJ, Ranson H, Donnelly MJ (2012) Identification and validation of a gene causing
cross-resistance between insecticide classes in Anopheles gambiae from Ghana. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 109(16):6147–6152. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203452109
105. Safi NH, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Ziapour SP, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A,
Hemingway J (2017) Evidence of metabolic mechanisms playing a role in multiple insecticides resistance in Anopheles stephensi populations from Afghanistan. Malar J 16(1):100.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1744-9
106. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (2017) IRAC mode of action classification scheme.
www.irac-online.org
107. Oppold A-M, Müller R (2017) Epigenetics: a hidden target of insecticides. In: Advances in
insect physiology, vol 53. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.
2017.04.002
108. Field LM, Devonshire AL, ffrench-Constant RH, Forde BG (1989) Changes in DNA methylation are associated with loss of insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid Myzus
persicae (Sulz.). FEBS Lett 243(2):323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(89)80154-1
109. Field LM, Blackman RL (2003) Insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Suzler):
chromosome location and epigenetic effects on esterase gene expression and clonal lineages.
Biol J Linnean Soc 79:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00178.x
110. Bass C, Puinean AM, Zimmer CT, Denholm I, Field LM, Foster SP, Gutbrod O, Nauen R,
Slater R, Williamson MS (2014) The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato
aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 51:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.
2014.05.003
111. Oppold A, Kress A, Vanden Bussche J, Diogo JB, Kuch U, Oehlmann J, Vandegehuchte MB,
Muller R (2015) Epigenetic alterations and decreasing insecticide sensitivity of the Asian tiger
mosquito Aedes albopictus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 122:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2015.06.036
112. Strachecka A, Borsuk G, Olszewski K, Paleolog J (2015) A new detection method for a newly
revealed mechanism of pyrethroid resistance development in Varroa destructor. Parasitol Res
114(11):3999–4004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4627-4
113. Hart JL, Thacker JR, Braidwood JC, Fraser NR, Matthews JE (1997) Novel cypermethrin
formulation for the control of sea lice on salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Rec 140(7):179–181
The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New. . .
143
pone.0066318
94. Brander SM, Biales AD, Connon RE (2017) The role of epigenomics in aquatic toxicology.
Environ Toxicol Chem 36(10):2565–2573. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3930
95. Kronholm I, Collins S (2016) Epigenetic mutations can both help and hinder adaptive
evolution. Mol Ecol 25(8):1856–1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13296
96. Powell CL, Ferdin ME, Busman M, Kvitek RG, Doucette GJ (2002) Development of a
protocol for determination of domoic acid in the sand crab (Emerita analoga): a possible
new indicator species. Toxicon 40:485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00236-7
97. Bickham JW (2011) The four cornerstones of evolutionary eoxicology. Ecotoxicology 20
(3):497–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0636-y
98. Oziolor EM, Bickham JW, Matson CW (2017) Evolutionary toxicology in an omics world.
Evol Appl 10(8):752–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12462
99. Whitehead A, Clark BW, Reid NM, Hahn ME, Nacci D (2017) When evolution is the solution
to pollution: key principles, and lessons from rapid repeated adaptation of killifish (Fundulus
heteroclitus) populations. Evol Appl 10(8):762–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12470
100. Conner JK, Hartl DL (2004) A primer of ecological genetics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
101. Ffrench-Constant RH, Daborn PJ, Le Goff G (2004) The genetics and genomics of insecticide
resistance. Trends Genet 20(3):163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2004.01.003
102. Feyereisen R (1995) Molecular biology of insecticide resistance. Toxicol Lett 82:83:83–83:90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03470-6
103. Stern DL (2013) The genetic causes of convergent evolution. Nat Rev Genet 14(11):751–764.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3483
104. Mitchell SN, Stevenson BJ, Muller P, Wilding CS, Egyir-Yawson A, Field SG, Hemingway J,
Paine MJ, Ranson H, Donnelly MJ (2012) Identification and validation of a gene causing
cross-resistance between insecticide classes in Anopheles gambiae from Ghana. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 109(16):6147–6152. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203452109
105. Safi NH, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Ziapour SP, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A,
Hemingway J (2017) Evidence of metabolic mechanisms playing a role in multiple insecticides resistance in Anopheles stephensi populations from Afghanistan. Malar J 16(1):100.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1744-9
106. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (2017) IRAC mode of action classification scheme.
www.irac-online.org
107. Oppold A-M, Müller R (2017) Epigenetics: a hidden target of insecticides. In: Advances in
insect physiology, vol 53. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.
2017.04.002
108. Field LM, Devonshire AL, ffrench-Constant RH, Forde BG (1989) Changes in DNA methylation are associated with loss of insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid Myzus
persicae (Sulz.). FEBS Lett 243(2):323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(89)80154-1
109. Field LM, Blackman RL (2003) Insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Suzler):
chromosome location and epigenetic effects on esterase gene expression and clonal lineages.
Biol J Linnean Soc 79:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00178.x
110. Bass C, Puinean AM, Zimmer CT, Denholm I, Field LM, Foster SP, Gutbrod O, Nauen R,
Slater R, Williamson MS (2014) The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato
aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 51:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.
2014.05.003
111. Oppold A, Kress A, Vanden Bussche J, Diogo JB, Kuch U, Oehlmann J, Vandegehuchte MB,
Muller R (2015) Epigenetic alterations and decreasing insecticide sensitivity of the Asian tiger
mosquito Aedes albopictus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 122:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2015.06.036
112. Strachecka A, Borsuk G, Olszewski K, Paleolog J (2015) A new detection method for a newly
revealed mechanism of pyrethroid resistance development in Varroa destructor. Parasitol Res
114(11):3999–4004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4627-4
113. Hart JL, Thacker JR, Braidwood JC, Fraser NR, Matthews JE (1997) Novel cypermethrin
formulation for the control of sea lice on salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Rec 140(7):179–181
The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New. . .
143