464
U. Im et al.
associated external costs in Europe and North America. In addition, the impacts of
a 20% global emission reduction scenario on the human health and associated costs
have been calculated.
The EVA system is based on the impact-pathway chain [2], and calculates health
impacts (morbidity and mortality for a range of health end-points based on exposureresponse relations) and the associated external costs, due to short-term exposure to
O 3 , CO and SO 2 (soon also NO 2 ) and long-term exposure to PM2.5. The exposure is
calculated based on gridded air pollution data and gridded population data. Exposureresponse functions for air pollution and unit cost estimates are applied to calculate
attributable cases and costs.
A. Fraser · R. Rose
Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
e-mail: andrea.fraser@gmail.com
R. Rose
e-mail: rebecca.rose@ricardo.com
N. Kitwiroon
Environmental Research Group, Kings’ College London, London, UK
e-mail: nutthida.kitwiroon@kcl.ac.uk
C.-K. Liang · J. West
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
e-mail: ckliang@live.unc.edu
J. West
e-mail: jjwest@email.unc.edu
U. Nopmongcol · G. Yarwood
Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94998, USA
e-mail: unopmongcol@ramboll.com
G. Yarwood
e-mail: gyarwood@environcorp.com
M. Prank
Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: marje.prank@fmi.fi
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
M. G. Vivanco
CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
C. Hogrefe
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Computational Exposure Division, Office of Research
and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
e-mail: Hogrefe.Christian@epa.gov
U. Im et al.
associated external costs in Europe and North America. In addition, the impacts of
a 20% global emission reduction scenario on the human health and associated costs
have been calculated.
The EVA system is based on the impact-pathway chain [2], and calculates health
impacts (morbidity and mortality for a range of health end-points based on exposureresponse relations) and the associated external costs, due to short-term exposure to
O 3 , CO and SO 2 (soon also NO 2 ) and long-term exposure to PM2.5. The exposure is
calculated based on gridded air pollution data and gridded population data. Exposureresponse functions for air pollution and unit cost estimates are applied to calculate
attributable cases and costs.
A. Fraser · R. Rose
Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
e-mail: andrea.fraser@gmail.com
R. Rose
e-mail: rebecca.rose@ricardo.com
N. Kitwiroon
Environmental Research Group, Kings’ College London, London, UK
e-mail: nutthida.kitwiroon@kcl.ac.uk
C.-K. Liang · J. West
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
e-mail: ckliang@live.unc.edu
J. West
e-mail: jjwest@email.unc.edu
U. Nopmongcol · G. Yarwood
Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94998, USA
e-mail: unopmongcol@ramboll.com
G. Yarwood
e-mail: gyarwood@environcorp.com
M. Prank
Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: marje.prank@fmi.fi
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
M. G. Vivanco
CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
C. Hogrefe
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Computational Exposure Division, Office of Research
and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
e-mail: Hogrefe.Christian@epa.gov