31 A High-Resolution National Emission Inventory …
201
31.2 Methods
The Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model [2] is an air pollution integrated assessment framework covering all anthropogenic emission sources in Finland. The dispersion of primary PM 2.5 uses source-receptor relationships at 250 m
horizontal grid resolution [1] based on the urban scale multiple source Gaussian
model UDM-FMI.
31.3 Population Exposure Due to Machinery
Emissions—Impact of Gridding
In the context of this study, machinery refers to traffic or stationary apparatus powered
with diesel or gasoline engines used in various working environments (Table 31.1).
The diversity of the environments brings a challenge to the estimation of their average
location distributions.
The most straightforward machinery activity types from emission gridding point
of view are agricultural and forestry machinery and, to some extent, industrial
machinery. Their average activities can be attributed to agricultural, forest and industrial land use types, respectively, that are typically available as GIS data to be used
as gridding proxies.
However, a considerable fraction of machinery used in various types of building,
construction and maintenance activities are more challenging to estimate spatially
(Table 31.1). In an earlier version of the FRES model, these activities were gridded
Table 31.1 Main machinery and activity types in Finland. The improved types given in italics
Main machinery type
Main activity types
Activity 2015 (TJ a −1 )
Agriculture tractors, combine harvesters Agriculture
7160
Forest tractors, felling machines, chain
saws
Forestry
3828
Snow mobiles, ATVs
Agriculture, forestry
2083
Forklift trucks, industry tractors
Industry
2890
Cranes
Building, industry
532
Road graders
Road constr. and mainten.
469
Wheel loaders, dumper trucks
Roads construction, mines 5093
Excavators
Building, roads, industry
5990
Other maintenance machinery
Building, street mainten.
1434
Lawnmowers
Residential, greeneries
1172
Diesel generators
Road constr. and mainten. 1373
Diesel compressors
Building, street constr.
496
201
31.2 Methods
The Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model [2] is an air pollution integrated assessment framework covering all anthropogenic emission sources in Finland. The dispersion of primary PM 2.5 uses source-receptor relationships at 250 m
horizontal grid resolution [1] based on the urban scale multiple source Gaussian
model UDM-FMI.
31.3 Population Exposure Due to Machinery
Emissions—Impact of Gridding
In the context of this study, machinery refers to traffic or stationary apparatus powered
with diesel or gasoline engines used in various working environments (Table 31.1).
The diversity of the environments brings a challenge to the estimation of their average
location distributions.
The most straightforward machinery activity types from emission gridding point
of view are agricultural and forestry machinery and, to some extent, industrial
machinery. Their average activities can be attributed to agricultural, forest and industrial land use types, respectively, that are typically available as GIS data to be used
as gridding proxies.
However, a considerable fraction of machinery used in various types of building,
construction and maintenance activities are more challenging to estimate spatially
(Table 31.1). In an earlier version of the FRES model, these activities were gridded
Table 31.1 Main machinery and activity types in Finland. The improved types given in italics
Main machinery type
Main activity types
Activity 2015 (TJ a −1 )
Agriculture tractors, combine harvesters Agriculture
7160
Forest tractors, felling machines, chain
saws
Forestry
3828
Snow mobiles, ATVs
Agriculture, forestry
2083
Forklift trucks, industry tractors
Industry
2890
Cranes
Building, industry
532
Road graders
Road constr. and mainten.
469
Wheel loaders, dumper trucks
Roads construction, mines 5093
Excavators
Building, roads, industry
5990
Other maintenance machinery
Building, street mainten.
1434
Lawnmowers
Residential, greeneries
1172
Diesel generators
Road constr. and mainten. 1373
Diesel compressors
Building, street constr.
496