Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing …
63
methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to activities of the agricultural sector.
The IPCC has very high confidence (representing at least a 9 out of 10 chance of
being correct) in this conclusion.”
“According to IPCC [2] warming of the global climate system became very obvious, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean
temperatures, melting of snow and ice at higher rate, and rising global average sea
level. “Numerous long-term changes in climate have been observed at continental,
regional and ocean basin scales. These include changes in arctic temperatures and
ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and
aspects of extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and
the intensity of tropical cyclones” [2]. The observed increase in global temperatures
since the mid of the twentieth century is very likely can be attributed to the observed
increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Impact of human activities
now extend to other aspects of climate, including ocean warming, continental-average
temperatures, temperature extremes and wind patterns.
For the next two decades, even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and
aerosols had been kept constant at the level of the year 2000, “a further warming of
about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected. Continued greenhouse gas emissions at
or above current rates would cause further warming causing further changes in the
global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than
those observed during the 20th century” [2].
The IPCC at (2018) “has identified far ranging and drastic consequences of climate
change, to both humans and the environment including:
• Increasing species extinctions
• Reduction of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and tropical rainforests
• Threats to small island states in the Pacific as sea levels rise
• Increasing drought threats in Africa
• More severe flooding in densely populated river deltas in Asia
• More severe weather in hurricane prone zones”. (http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/
organization.shtml, 2018).
An early warning system for disasters and extreme climatic events requires a
broad of different knowledge’s base, depending on the substantial existing accurate
scientific research in the geophysical, environmental and social science fields. Most
of the data required for disaster management, has special components (usage of
GPS data models, risk maps and scenarios), and also changes overtime. Therefore,
the use of remote sensing and GIS has become essential in disaster management.
Moreover, a range of tools (core prediction system models and tools, warning decision
system tools) exist to help in providing warnings about events that could threaten the
livelihood of the local communities. Remote sensing application and use of GIS has
been successful to predict the occurrence of disastrous and to warn people on time.
Information and communications technology (ICT) is envisaged to be an important tool in the communication of climate change mitigation technologies, which are
necessarily of low carbon footprint in order to reduce GHG emissions [5].
63
methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to activities of the agricultural sector.
The IPCC has very high confidence (representing at least a 9 out of 10 chance of
being correct) in this conclusion.”
“According to IPCC [2] warming of the global climate system became very obvious, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean
temperatures, melting of snow and ice at higher rate, and rising global average sea
level. “Numerous long-term changes in climate have been observed at continental,
regional and ocean basin scales. These include changes in arctic temperatures and
ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and
aspects of extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and
the intensity of tropical cyclones” [2]. The observed increase in global temperatures
since the mid of the twentieth century is very likely can be attributed to the observed
increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Impact of human activities
now extend to other aspects of climate, including ocean warming, continental-average
temperatures, temperature extremes and wind patterns.
For the next two decades, even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and
aerosols had been kept constant at the level of the year 2000, “a further warming of
about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected. Continued greenhouse gas emissions at
or above current rates would cause further warming causing further changes in the
global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than
those observed during the 20th century” [2].
The IPCC at (2018) “has identified far ranging and drastic consequences of climate
change, to both humans and the environment including:
• Increasing species extinctions
• Reduction of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and tropical rainforests
• Threats to small island states in the Pacific as sea levels rise
• Increasing drought threats in Africa
• More severe flooding in densely populated river deltas in Asia
• More severe weather in hurricane prone zones”. (http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/
organization.shtml, 2018).
An early warning system for disasters and extreme climatic events requires a
broad of different knowledge’s base, depending on the substantial existing accurate
scientific research in the geophysical, environmental and social science fields. Most
of the data required for disaster management, has special components (usage of
GPS data models, risk maps and scenarios), and also changes overtime. Therefore,
the use of remote sensing and GIS has become essential in disaster management.
Moreover, a range of tools (core prediction system models and tools, warning decision
system tools) exist to help in providing warnings about events that could threaten the
livelihood of the local communities. Remote sensing application and use of GIS has
been successful to predict the occurrence of disastrous and to warn people on time.
Information and communications technology (ICT) is envisaged to be an important tool in the communication of climate change mitigation technologies, which are
necessarily of low carbon footprint in order to reduce GHG emissions [5].