Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
635
as their reliability. Climate changes cause environmental stresses (e.g., increasing
temperature, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations) that affect pasture and forage
production.
The third way is through algae and fish. Aquatic animals such as fish and
crustaceans provide human beings with high-quality protein diets. Scientists propose
that this would cause mitigation of global warming as algae take in carbon
dioxide, the main factor responsible for global warming, and release oxygen during
photosynthesis. So double benefits are expected in terms of increasing aquatic
animals and decreasing global warming.
The fourth way is climate change impact on immune status and productivity of
poultry as well as the quality of meat and egg products. The negative effects of
increased environmental temperature due to climate change on poultry production
representing lower feed intake, reduction of weight gain and meat quality in broilers,
in addition to low egg production rate and egg quality, increasing feed conversion
ratio and high mortality rate in laying hens. Effective procedures must be taken to
challenge this potential risk of high temperature and its impact on livestock in general
and on poultry in particular through the implementation of effective strategies in order
to protect poultry survival and increase their productivity during hot weather.
The final way presented in this book is climatic change and chicken immunity.
Heat stress is considered as one of the primary factors that impose negative impacts
on chicken production and reproduction. Due to global warming, abrupt climatic
conditions like storms, droughts, floods, and extreme hot and cold temperatures are
predominant around the globe. With the changing climatic scenario, the frequency
and duration of exposure of livestock to abiotic and biotic stressors are expected to
increase. Chicken flocks are particularly vulnerable to climate change because birds
can only tolerate a narrow temperature ranges [42].
2.5 Socioeconomic Impacts
Two scenarios have been identified to study the socioeconomic impacts of climate
change. The first scenario deals with agriculture and rural communities’ vulnerability
in the Nile Delta. Climate models predict that the change in climatic conditions will
affect agriculture by reducing land productivity between 10 and 20% by 2050 in
many developing countries and affecting about 10% of the agricultural land [43].
Accordingly, many farming households are expected to counter crop deficiencies and
yield reductions that would affect their livelihoods and in turn, their vulnerability
[44]. Nevertheless, agriculture in Egypt in general and in the Nile Delta in particular,
is currently facing other intense challenges resulting from the rapid population
growth that is exceeding 2.5% annually [45], thus augmenting agricultural land
and irrigation water scarcities. For the determination of the climate change stimuli
impacts on agriculture in the Nile Delta governorates, and the identification of
farmers’ vulnerability in 2030, the vulnerability assessment framework (VAF) is
applied. The VAF is an important tool for supporting policy makers in formulating the
635
as their reliability. Climate changes cause environmental stresses (e.g., increasing
temperature, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations) that affect pasture and forage
production.
The third way is through algae and fish. Aquatic animals such as fish and
crustaceans provide human beings with high-quality protein diets. Scientists propose
that this would cause mitigation of global warming as algae take in carbon
dioxide, the main factor responsible for global warming, and release oxygen during
photosynthesis. So double benefits are expected in terms of increasing aquatic
animals and decreasing global warming.
The fourth way is climate change impact on immune status and productivity of
poultry as well as the quality of meat and egg products. The negative effects of
increased environmental temperature due to climate change on poultry production
representing lower feed intake, reduction of weight gain and meat quality in broilers,
in addition to low egg production rate and egg quality, increasing feed conversion
ratio and high mortality rate in laying hens. Effective procedures must be taken to
challenge this potential risk of high temperature and its impact on livestock in general
and on poultry in particular through the implementation of effective strategies in order
to protect poultry survival and increase their productivity during hot weather.
The final way presented in this book is climatic change and chicken immunity.
Heat stress is considered as one of the primary factors that impose negative impacts
on chicken production and reproduction. Due to global warming, abrupt climatic
conditions like storms, droughts, floods, and extreme hot and cold temperatures are
predominant around the globe. With the changing climatic scenario, the frequency
and duration of exposure of livestock to abiotic and biotic stressors are expected to
increase. Chicken flocks are particularly vulnerable to climate change because birds
can only tolerate a narrow temperature ranges [42].
2.5 Socioeconomic Impacts
Two scenarios have been identified to study the socioeconomic impacts of climate
change. The first scenario deals with agriculture and rural communities’ vulnerability
in the Nile Delta. Climate models predict that the change in climatic conditions will
affect agriculture by reducing land productivity between 10 and 20% by 2050 in
many developing countries and affecting about 10% of the agricultural land [43].
Accordingly, many farming households are expected to counter crop deficiencies and
yield reductions that would affect their livelihoods and in turn, their vulnerability
[44]. Nevertheless, agriculture in Egypt in general and in the Nile Delta in particular,
is currently facing other intense challenges resulting from the rapid population
growth that is exceeding 2.5% annually [45], thus augmenting agricultural land
and irrigation water scarcities. For the determination of the climate change stimuli
impacts on agriculture in the Nile Delta governorates, and the identification of
farmers’ vulnerability in 2030, the vulnerability assessment framework (VAF) is
applied. The VAF is an important tool for supporting policy makers in formulating the