610
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
resilient crop varieties towards drought and heat. SEKEM relies on Key Performance
Indicators to evaluate their actions in adaptation and mitigation towards CC through
using Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) system which follows up on the
practices carried out to face the challenges identified and to keep track of sustainable
development. Furthermore, Sustainability Flower (SF) technique is adopted, SF is a
tool for information and communication management, that represent the concept of
sustainable development in its four dimensions, which are ecological, social, cultural,
and economic components. Each component contains many performance indicators
with specific targets that meet the Global Reporting Initiative standard.
4 Literature Review
CC impacts in Africa has become a reality [16]. The warming of Africa is very likely
to be severe than in other regions [17, 18]. Studies assessing CC impacts found
that Africa is the most vulnerable in the world due to poor adaptation practices and
high vulnerability [19–21]. The low adaptive capacity at the financial, technical and
institutional level caused that African countries are the most affected [22–25]. Taking
into account that agriculture is the most significant economic sector in Africa with the
largest employment share of 60% [26] besides land degradation and desertification
[27]. The more prolonged and severe droughts in Eastern Africa; increased floods
in Western Africa; deforestation in equatorial Africa; and increased acidity across
Africa’s southern coast together with climate extreme events will have severe impacts
on food security, health, water and energy security, which at the end will weaken
African’s potential to grow and develop [16]. Furthermore, the population in Africa
exhibits a growth trend which puts more pressure of natural resources, the increase
was estimated for the 1980s to be 478 million and has experienced an increase to
nearly 1.2 billion and is expected to increase to 1.5 billion by 2025 and rise to
2.4 billion by 2050 [28]. Besada and Sewankambo [16] investigated CC impacts
in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia and they have shown that these countries were
influenced by persistent droughts and losses of livestock where the majority of people
are dependent on livestock for their livelihood. For instance, Collomb [29] predicted
that by 2050, food production needs to be increased by quintuple in Africa, double
in Asia, and almost double in Latin America.
In the northern part of the Mediterranean, a decrease in rainfall during the summer
that is partially recovered during the winter by precipitation increase. In the central
Mediterranean, periods of droughts are increased for one month, beginning one week
earlier and finishing 3 weeks after. These changes have impacts on all economic
activities such as agriculture, energy, tourism and environmentally through affecting
the natural ecosystems. The results of the analysis show that in the case of agriculture,
cultivated autumn and winter seasons are not affected or an increase in production.
While in the case of summer crops a significant fall of yield was indicated [30].
Evidence of CC impact is found in other areas of the world. For example, in
India, Aggarwal [31] has shown a potential decrease from 3 to 7% decrease in the
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
resilient crop varieties towards drought and heat. SEKEM relies on Key Performance
Indicators to evaluate their actions in adaptation and mitigation towards CC through
using Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) system which follows up on the
practices carried out to face the challenges identified and to keep track of sustainable
development. Furthermore, Sustainability Flower (SF) technique is adopted, SF is a
tool for information and communication management, that represent the concept of
sustainable development in its four dimensions, which are ecological, social, cultural,
and economic components. Each component contains many performance indicators
with specific targets that meet the Global Reporting Initiative standard.
4 Literature Review
CC impacts in Africa has become a reality [16]. The warming of Africa is very likely
to be severe than in other regions [17, 18]. Studies assessing CC impacts found
that Africa is the most vulnerable in the world due to poor adaptation practices and
high vulnerability [19–21]. The low adaptive capacity at the financial, technical and
institutional level caused that African countries are the most affected [22–25]. Taking
into account that agriculture is the most significant economic sector in Africa with the
largest employment share of 60% [26] besides land degradation and desertification
[27]. The more prolonged and severe droughts in Eastern Africa; increased floods
in Western Africa; deforestation in equatorial Africa; and increased acidity across
Africa’s southern coast together with climate extreme events will have severe impacts
on food security, health, water and energy security, which at the end will weaken
African’s potential to grow and develop [16]. Furthermore, the population in Africa
exhibits a growth trend which puts more pressure of natural resources, the increase
was estimated for the 1980s to be 478 million and has experienced an increase to
nearly 1.2 billion and is expected to increase to 1.5 billion by 2025 and rise to
2.4 billion by 2050 [28]. Besada and Sewankambo [16] investigated CC impacts
in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia and they have shown that these countries were
influenced by persistent droughts and losses of livestock where the majority of people
are dependent on livestock for their livelihood. For instance, Collomb [29] predicted
that by 2050, food production needs to be increased by quintuple in Africa, double
in Asia, and almost double in Latin America.
In the northern part of the Mediterranean, a decrease in rainfall during the summer
that is partially recovered during the winter by precipitation increase. In the central
Mediterranean, periods of droughts are increased for one month, beginning one week
earlier and finishing 3 weeks after. These changes have impacts on all economic
activities such as agriculture, energy, tourism and environmentally through affecting
the natural ecosystems. The results of the analysis show that in the case of agriculture,
cultivated autumn and winter seasons are not affected or an increase in production.
While in the case of summer crops a significant fall of yield was indicated [30].
Evidence of CC impact is found in other areas of the world. For example, in
India, Aggarwal [31] has shown a potential decrease from 3 to 7% decrease in the