556
D. M. Gouda
To counter land fragmentation which is a main cause of urban expansion on
agricultural land, the role of the agricultural cooperatives should be enhanced. Agricultural cooperatives should make sure that agricultural land—especially small land
plots—is cultivated as one big plot to allow farmers to benefit from the economies
of scale. This, in turn, would improve farmers’ well-being and reduce the need to
transform agricultural land into urban land [89]. However, the pressure on the land
by the population as well as by developers who seek to make profits in the absence of
law enforcement—due to the inadequate capacity of national and local institutional
structures—increase land prices and make it more profitable for farmers to sell the
land and/or use it for urban purposes [32]. This situation might aggravate with the
parliament’s ratification of the new law resolution that is to allow the reconciliation
with those who have built on agricultural land [90].
As for climate change, there is a need to prepare farmers to deal with climate
change to reduce its potential negative impacts on agriculture through the application
of adaptation measures that would improve farmers’ resilience. To this end, many
government strategies, such as the Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy
2030 [24], and Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and
Disaster Risk Reduction [91] have addressed the need to adapt to the potential impacts
of climate change, in terms of temperature increase and sea level rise.
Strategies have also acknowledged the importance of improving the institutional
structures of research and extension services in Egypt as well as the importance
of allocating sufficient funds to agricultural research and public extension services
[92]. However, there are shortcomings related to funding, implementation and time
frames, lack of responsibility division between ministries and/or organizations for
the implementation of strategies [93], as well as the inadequate attention to farmers
on the local level [9].
Therefore, the capacity building of public extension workers and of farmers is
expected to have great benefits [76], in addition to enhancing the structures of cooperatives through the introduction of necessary changes to guarantee a more participatory involvement of farmers in the decision-making processes [94, 95] and the
regulation of the involvement of the private extension services to complement governmental efforts [96]. However, the provision of support to governorates and farmers
should be based on their exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity that determine
their vulnerability, as governorates and farmers are not homogeneous [97].
Annex
See Tables 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
D. M. Gouda
To counter land fragmentation which is a main cause of urban expansion on
agricultural land, the role of the agricultural cooperatives should be enhanced. Agricultural cooperatives should make sure that agricultural land—especially small land
plots—is cultivated as one big plot to allow farmers to benefit from the economies
of scale. This, in turn, would improve farmers’ well-being and reduce the need to
transform agricultural land into urban land [89]. However, the pressure on the land
by the population as well as by developers who seek to make profits in the absence of
law enforcement—due to the inadequate capacity of national and local institutional
structures—increase land prices and make it more profitable for farmers to sell the
land and/or use it for urban purposes [32]. This situation might aggravate with the
parliament’s ratification of the new law resolution that is to allow the reconciliation
with those who have built on agricultural land [90].
As for climate change, there is a need to prepare farmers to deal with climate
change to reduce its potential negative impacts on agriculture through the application
of adaptation measures that would improve farmers’ resilience. To this end, many
government strategies, such as the Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy
2030 [24], and Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and
Disaster Risk Reduction [91] have addressed the need to adapt to the potential impacts
of climate change, in terms of temperature increase and sea level rise.
Strategies have also acknowledged the importance of improving the institutional
structures of research and extension services in Egypt as well as the importance
of allocating sufficient funds to agricultural research and public extension services
[92]. However, there are shortcomings related to funding, implementation and time
frames, lack of responsibility division between ministries and/or organizations for
the implementation of strategies [93], as well as the inadequate attention to farmers
on the local level [9].
Therefore, the capacity building of public extension workers and of farmers is
expected to have great benefits [76], in addition to enhancing the structures of cooperatives through the introduction of necessary changes to guarantee a more participatory involvement of farmers in the decision-making processes [94, 95] and the
regulation of the involvement of the private extension services to complement governmental efforts [96]. However, the provision of support to governorates and farmers
should be based on their exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity that determine
their vulnerability, as governorates and farmers are not homogeneous [97].
Annex
See Tables 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.