40
H. Khozyem
47. DeConto RM, Galeotti S, Pagani M, Tracy D, Schaefer K, Zhang T, Pollard D, Beerling
DJ (2010) Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing
permafrost. Nature 484:87–91
48. Dickens GR, O’Neil JR, Rea DK, Owen RM (1995) Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate
as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography
10:965–971
49. Kennett JP, Cannariato KG, Hendy IL, Behl RJ (2002) Methane Hydrates in quaternary climate
change: the clathrate gun hypothesis: special publication, vol 54. AGU, Washington, D. C, p
224
50. Frakes LA, Francis JE, Syktus JI (1992) Climate modes of the phanerozoic. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
51. Elewa A (2008) Late Ordovician mass extinction, p 252. ISBN 978-3-540-75915-7
52. Holland SM, Patzkowsky ME (2007) Gradient ecology of a biotic invasion: biofacies of
the type Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati, Ohio region, USA. PALAIOS.
SEPM Soc Sediment Geol 22(4):392–407. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2006.p 06-066
53. Holland SM, Patzkowsky ME (2015) The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontol
Palaeontol Assoc 58(5):903–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12188
54. Kump LR, Arthur MA, Patzkowsky ME, Gibbs MT, Pinkus DS, Sheenan PM (1999) A
weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric pCO 2 during the Late Ordovician.
Palaeoclimatol Palaeogeogr Palaeoecol 152:173–187
55. Briggs D, Crowther PR (2008) Palaeobiology II. Wiley, New York, p 223. ISBN 978-0-47099928-8
56. Wang K, Attrep M, Orth CJ (2017) Global iridium anomaly, mass extinction, and redox change
at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. Geology 21(12):1071–1074
57. Mora CI, Driese SG, Colarusso LA (1996) Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO 2 levels
from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science 271:1105–1107
58. Rothwell GW, Scheckler SE, Gillespie WH (1989) Elkinsia gen nov a Late Devonian
gymnosperm with cupulate ovules. Bot Gaz 150:170–189
59. Algeo TJ, Scheckler SE (1998) Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links
between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philos
Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 353(1365):113–130. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0195
60. Bond DPG, Wignall PB (2008) The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the FrasnianFamennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 263(3–
4):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015
61. Burgess SD (2014) High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction.
PNAS 111(9):3316–3321. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.3316B. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
1317692111
62. Bergstrom Cl, Dugatkin TL (2012) Evolution. Norton, p 515. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0
63. Brayard A, Krumenacker LJ, Botting JP, Jenks JF, Bylund KG, Vennin E, Olivier N, Goudemand N, Saucède T, Charbonnier S, Romano C, Doguzhaeva L, Thuy B, Hautmann M, Stephen
DA, Thomazo C, Escarguel G (2017) Unexpected early triassic marine ecosystem and the rise
of the Modern evolutionary fauna. Sci Adv 13(2):e1602159
64. Renne PR, Zhang Z, Richards MA, Black MT, Basu AR (1995) Synchrony and causal relations
between Permian: triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. Science 269:1413–
1416
65. Wignall PB, Twitchett RJ (1996) Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science
272:1155–1158
66. McGhee GR (1996) The late Devonian mass extinction. Columbia University Press, New
York
67. Royer DL (2006) CO 2 -forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:5665–5675
68. Berner RA (2005) The carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen from middle Permian
to middle Triassic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:3211–3217
H. Khozyem
47. DeConto RM, Galeotti S, Pagani M, Tracy D, Schaefer K, Zhang T, Pollard D, Beerling
DJ (2010) Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing
permafrost. Nature 484:87–91
48. Dickens GR, O’Neil JR, Rea DK, Owen RM (1995) Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate
as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography
10:965–971
49. Kennett JP, Cannariato KG, Hendy IL, Behl RJ (2002) Methane Hydrates in quaternary climate
change: the clathrate gun hypothesis: special publication, vol 54. AGU, Washington, D. C, p
224
50. Frakes LA, Francis JE, Syktus JI (1992) Climate modes of the phanerozoic. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
51. Elewa A (2008) Late Ordovician mass extinction, p 252. ISBN 978-3-540-75915-7
52. Holland SM, Patzkowsky ME (2007) Gradient ecology of a biotic invasion: biofacies of
the type Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati, Ohio region, USA. PALAIOS.
SEPM Soc Sediment Geol 22(4):392–407. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2006.p 06-066
53. Holland SM, Patzkowsky ME (2015) The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontol
Palaeontol Assoc 58(5):903–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12188
54. Kump LR, Arthur MA, Patzkowsky ME, Gibbs MT, Pinkus DS, Sheenan PM (1999) A
weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric pCO 2 during the Late Ordovician.
Palaeoclimatol Palaeogeogr Palaeoecol 152:173–187
55. Briggs D, Crowther PR (2008) Palaeobiology II. Wiley, New York, p 223. ISBN 978-0-47099928-8
56. Wang K, Attrep M, Orth CJ (2017) Global iridium anomaly, mass extinction, and redox change
at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. Geology 21(12):1071–1074
57. Mora CI, Driese SG, Colarusso LA (1996) Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO 2 levels
from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science 271:1105–1107
58. Rothwell GW, Scheckler SE, Gillespie WH (1989) Elkinsia gen nov a Late Devonian
gymnosperm with cupulate ovules. Bot Gaz 150:170–189
59. Algeo TJ, Scheckler SE (1998) Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links
between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philos
Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 353(1365):113–130. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0195
60. Bond DPG, Wignall PB (2008) The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the FrasnianFamennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 263(3–
4):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015
61. Burgess SD (2014) High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction.
PNAS 111(9):3316–3321. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.3316B. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
1317692111
62. Bergstrom Cl, Dugatkin TL (2012) Evolution. Norton, p 515. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0
63. Brayard A, Krumenacker LJ, Botting JP, Jenks JF, Bylund KG, Vennin E, Olivier N, Goudemand N, Saucède T, Charbonnier S, Romano C, Doguzhaeva L, Thuy B, Hautmann M, Stephen
DA, Thomazo C, Escarguel G (2017) Unexpected early triassic marine ecosystem and the rise
of the Modern evolutionary fauna. Sci Adv 13(2):e1602159
64. Renne PR, Zhang Z, Richards MA, Black MT, Basu AR (1995) Synchrony and causal relations
between Permian: triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. Science 269:1413–
1416
65. Wignall PB, Twitchett RJ (1996) Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science
272:1155–1158
66. McGhee GR (1996) The late Devonian mass extinction. Columbia University Press, New
York
67. Royer DL (2006) CO 2 -forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:5665–5675
68. Berner RA (2005) The carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen from middle Permian
to middle Triassic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:3211–3217