478
N. A. H. El Semary
15. Lorenz RT, Cysewski GR (2000) Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalga as a
natural source of astaxanthin 2000. Trends Biotechnol 18:160–167
16. Proctor VW (1957) Some controlling factors in the distribution of Haematococcuspluvialis.
Ecology 38(3):457–462
17. Droop MR (1955) Carotenogenesis in Haematococcuspluvialis. Nature 175(42). https://doi.
org/10.1038/175042a0
18. Boussiba S, Vonshak A (1991) Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcuspluvialis. Plant Cell Physiol 32:1077–1082
19. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Nishio N, Nagai S (1992) Effects of light intensity, light quality,
and illumination cycle on astaxanthin formation in green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. J Ferm
Bioeng 74(1):61–63
20. Domínguez-Bocanegra AR, Legarreta IG, Jeronimo FM, Campocosio AT (2004) Influence of
environmental and nutritional factors in the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus
pluvialis. Bioresour Technol 92:209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.04.001
21. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Yamaguchi K, Nishio N, Nagai S (1992) Growth and astaxanthin formation Haematococcus pluvialis in heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. J Ferm
Bioeng 74(1):17–20
22. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Nagai S (1993) Enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis by oxidative
stress in acetate-induced cyst cells of a green unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Appl
Environ Microbiol 59(3):867–873
23. Yoon J-E, Yoo K-C, Macdonald AM, Yoon HI, Park K-T, Yang E-J, Kim H-C, Lee JH, Lee MK,
Jung J, Park JS, Choi J-M, Kim T-J, Kitae, Kim I-N (2016) Ocean iron fertilization experiments:
past–present–future with introduction to Korean iron fertilization experiment in the Southern
Ocean (KIFES) project. Biogeosci Disc 1–41. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-472
24. IPCC: Climate Change (2014) Mitigation of climate change, contribution of working group
III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Eds.:
Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum
I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, vonStechow C, Zwickel
T, Minx JC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
25. De La Rocha CL (2007) The biological pump. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on
geochemistry update, Elsevier Pergamon, Oxford, pp 1–29
26. Martin JH (1990) Glacial-interglacial CO 2 change: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography
5:1–13
27. Sarmiento JL, Gruber N (2006) Ocean biogeochemical dynamics, Princeton University Press
28. de Baar HJW, Boyd PW, Coale KH, Landry MR, Tsuda A, Assmy P, Bakker DCE, Bozec
Y, Barber RT, Brzezinski MA, Buesseler KO, Boyé M, Croot PL, Gervais F, Gorbunov MY,
Harrison PJ, Hiscock WT, Laan P, Lancelot C, Law CS, Levasseur M, Marchetti A, Millero FJ,
Nishioka J, Nojiri Y, van Oijen T, Riebesell U, Rijkenberg MJA, Saito H, Takeda S, Timmermans
KR, Veldhuis MJW, Waite AM, Wong C-S (2005). Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments:
from the iron age in the age of enlightenment. J Geophys Res 110, C09S16
29. Hugh P (2008) Dumping iron and trading carbon. Profits, pollution, and policies all will play
roles in ocean iron fertilization. Climate Mitigation Research 46(1)
30. Lawrence MG (2002) Side effects of oceanic iron fertilization, science, 297, 1993
31. Sarmiento JL, Orr JC (1991) Three-dimensional simulations of the impact of Southern Ocean
nutrient depletion on atmospheric CO 2 and ocean chemistry. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1928–1950
32. Trick CG, Bill BD, Cochlan WP, Wells ML, Trainer VL, Pickell LD (2010) Iron enrichment
stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 107:5887–5892
33. Moore SK, Johnstone JA, Banas NS, Salathé EP (2015) Present-day and future climate
pathways affecting Alexandrium blooms in Puget sound, WA, USA. Harmful Algae 48:1–11
34. Smetacek V, Naqvi SWA (2008) The next generation of iron fertilization experiments in the
Southern Ocean. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 366:3947–3967
35. Williamson P, Wallace DWR, Law CS, Boyd PW, Collos Y, Croot P, Denman K, Riebesell U,
Takeda S, Vivian C (2012) Ocean fertilization for geoengineering: a review of effectiveness,
environmental impacts and emerging 35 governance. Process Saf Environ Protect 90:475–488
N. A. H. El Semary
15. Lorenz RT, Cysewski GR (2000) Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalga as a
natural source of astaxanthin 2000. Trends Biotechnol 18:160–167
16. Proctor VW (1957) Some controlling factors in the distribution of Haematococcuspluvialis.
Ecology 38(3):457–462
17. Droop MR (1955) Carotenogenesis in Haematococcuspluvialis. Nature 175(42). https://doi.
org/10.1038/175042a0
18. Boussiba S, Vonshak A (1991) Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcuspluvialis. Plant Cell Physiol 32:1077–1082
19. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Nishio N, Nagai S (1992) Effects of light intensity, light quality,
and illumination cycle on astaxanthin formation in green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. J Ferm
Bioeng 74(1):61–63
20. Domínguez-Bocanegra AR, Legarreta IG, Jeronimo FM, Campocosio AT (2004) Influence of
environmental and nutritional factors in the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus
pluvialis. Bioresour Technol 92:209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.04.001
21. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Yamaguchi K, Nishio N, Nagai S (1992) Growth and astaxanthin formation Haematococcus pluvialis in heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. J Ferm
Bioeng 74(1):17–20
22. Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Nagai S (1993) Enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis by oxidative
stress in acetate-induced cyst cells of a green unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Appl
Environ Microbiol 59(3):867–873
23. Yoon J-E, Yoo K-C, Macdonald AM, Yoon HI, Park K-T, Yang E-J, Kim H-C, Lee JH, Lee MK,
Jung J, Park JS, Choi J-M, Kim T-J, Kitae, Kim I-N (2016) Ocean iron fertilization experiments:
past–present–future with introduction to Korean iron fertilization experiment in the Southern
Ocean (KIFES) project. Biogeosci Disc 1–41. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-472
24. IPCC: Climate Change (2014) Mitigation of climate change, contribution of working group
III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Eds.:
Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum
I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, vonStechow C, Zwickel
T, Minx JC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
25. De La Rocha CL (2007) The biological pump. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on
geochemistry update, Elsevier Pergamon, Oxford, pp 1–29
26. Martin JH (1990) Glacial-interglacial CO 2 change: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography
5:1–13
27. Sarmiento JL, Gruber N (2006) Ocean biogeochemical dynamics, Princeton University Press
28. de Baar HJW, Boyd PW, Coale KH, Landry MR, Tsuda A, Assmy P, Bakker DCE, Bozec
Y, Barber RT, Brzezinski MA, Buesseler KO, Boyé M, Croot PL, Gervais F, Gorbunov MY,
Harrison PJ, Hiscock WT, Laan P, Lancelot C, Law CS, Levasseur M, Marchetti A, Millero FJ,
Nishioka J, Nojiri Y, van Oijen T, Riebesell U, Rijkenberg MJA, Saito H, Takeda S, Timmermans
KR, Veldhuis MJW, Waite AM, Wong C-S (2005). Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments:
from the iron age in the age of enlightenment. J Geophys Res 110, C09S16
29. Hugh P (2008) Dumping iron and trading carbon. Profits, pollution, and policies all will play
roles in ocean iron fertilization. Climate Mitigation Research 46(1)
30. Lawrence MG (2002) Side effects of oceanic iron fertilization, science, 297, 1993
31. Sarmiento JL, Orr JC (1991) Three-dimensional simulations of the impact of Southern Ocean
nutrient depletion on atmospheric CO 2 and ocean chemistry. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1928–1950
32. Trick CG, Bill BD, Cochlan WP, Wells ML, Trainer VL, Pickell LD (2010) Iron enrichment
stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 107:5887–5892
33. Moore SK, Johnstone JA, Banas NS, Salathé EP (2015) Present-day and future climate
pathways affecting Alexandrium blooms in Puget sound, WA, USA. Harmful Algae 48:1–11
34. Smetacek V, Naqvi SWA (2008) The next generation of iron fertilization experiments in the
Southern Ocean. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 366:3947–3967
35. Williamson P, Wallace DWR, Law CS, Boyd PW, Collos Y, Croot P, Denman K, Riebesell U,
Takeda S, Vivian C (2012) Ocean fertilization for geoengineering: a review of effectiveness,
environmental impacts and emerging 35 governance. Process Saf Environ Protect 90:475–488