Potential Climate Change Impacts on Livestock and Food Security …
441
Milk production in small scale farms enhances the sustenance security of family
members, as well as makes a few work opportunities along the dairy chain [48].
There were different types of chains, first and regular one called short chain and
abundance at towns which there were no merchants for buffalo milk which might be
in charge of a couple of buffaloes raised to cover just family consumption, and the
rest was sold to neighbors and customers in town without mediators amongst makers and purchasers. On the other hand, the long chain included producers, traders,
milk shops, milk processing units and consumers. In this kind of chain, farmers were
gotten lower prices in a regular payment (weekly payment). Moreover, more jobs
opportunities offered along the chain. Also, the price of milk is increased regarding
the distance between the production area and milk marketing area. Both of chains
depending on dairy cattle, nature food resource, clean water, and sustainable environments. Opposite of the climate stability effect on production, the main effect of
preeminent high temperature on milk production is most likely most injurious for
livestock production system where, which animals must be forced to reduce feed
intake, resulting in lowered milk yield [49]. The heat stress not just reductions the
milk yield yet it remarkably influences the quality of milk moreover. Furthermore, not
only a high temperature is the main key, but the humidity is also an important aspect
of controlling milk yield in the animals. The reduction of milk production can range
from 10 to >25%. As much as 50% lessening in milk yield can be due to reduced feed
intake during heat stress, and the other 50% might depend on heat-related lactogenic
hormone fluctuations. Besides, the low milk yield production is also dependent upon
breed, the age of the animal, stage of lactation, and forage availability [50]. Moreover, the heat stress resulted in decreasing of the percentage of both protein and fat
in milk and colostrum. In the hot atmosphere, the milk composition goes to down
for fat and protein percentage, solid not fat (SNF), and total solid % in dairy cows
[51]. The milk freezing point is also affecting by heat stress because of decreasing of
the percentage of lactose and acidity in the milk. Also, milk produced by the animal
which exposed to heat stress has lower calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) content and higher on chloride [52]. Correspondingly, fatty acid content
conveys the heat-stress by a significant deficit of the proportion of short-chain and
medium-chain (C4–C10, and C12–C16 respectively), while remaining or increasing
the long-chain fatty acid (C17–C18) in milk [52]. The reasons for these changes in
the fatty acid chain contents may be due to either by reducing of synthesis of these
free fatty acids (FAA) in the mammary glands or by destructive energy of the cow
revealed to heat stress. Moreover, heat stress negatively affects α- and β-casein in
the milk which will prompt expand the pH of the milk and lower P content [53].
(b) Veal Production Chain, and Climate Impacts
In the old lands (OL) which called Nile Valley, the mixed crop-livestock systems
were described as dominance, and in the newly reclaimed lands (NRL) in the west
Delta. This system relies on the allocation of lands between fodder and food crops;
green fodder (Clover, horse grass and corn) and grain (corn) square measure the
most parts of the feed ration of the herd, and crop residues from food and cash crops.
Wheat bran as an industrial byproduct is intensively utilized in each OL, and NRL
441
Milk production in small scale farms enhances the sustenance security of family
members, as well as makes a few work opportunities along the dairy chain [48].
There were different types of chains, first and regular one called short chain and
abundance at towns which there were no merchants for buffalo milk which might be
in charge of a couple of buffaloes raised to cover just family consumption, and the
rest was sold to neighbors and customers in town without mediators amongst makers and purchasers. On the other hand, the long chain included producers, traders,
milk shops, milk processing units and consumers. In this kind of chain, farmers were
gotten lower prices in a regular payment (weekly payment). Moreover, more jobs
opportunities offered along the chain. Also, the price of milk is increased regarding
the distance between the production area and milk marketing area. Both of chains
depending on dairy cattle, nature food resource, clean water, and sustainable environments. Opposite of the climate stability effect on production, the main effect of
preeminent high temperature on milk production is most likely most injurious for
livestock production system where, which animals must be forced to reduce feed
intake, resulting in lowered milk yield [49]. The heat stress not just reductions the
milk yield yet it remarkably influences the quality of milk moreover. Furthermore, not
only a high temperature is the main key, but the humidity is also an important aspect
of controlling milk yield in the animals. The reduction of milk production can range
from 10 to >25%. As much as 50% lessening in milk yield can be due to reduced feed
intake during heat stress, and the other 50% might depend on heat-related lactogenic
hormone fluctuations. Besides, the low milk yield production is also dependent upon
breed, the age of the animal, stage of lactation, and forage availability [50]. Moreover, the heat stress resulted in decreasing of the percentage of both protein and fat
in milk and colostrum. In the hot atmosphere, the milk composition goes to down
for fat and protein percentage, solid not fat (SNF), and total solid % in dairy cows
[51]. The milk freezing point is also affecting by heat stress because of decreasing of
the percentage of lactose and acidity in the milk. Also, milk produced by the animal
which exposed to heat stress has lower calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) content and higher on chloride [52]. Correspondingly, fatty acid content
conveys the heat-stress by a significant deficit of the proportion of short-chain and
medium-chain (C4–C10, and C12–C16 respectively), while remaining or increasing
the long-chain fatty acid (C17–C18) in milk [52]. The reasons for these changes in
the fatty acid chain contents may be due to either by reducing of synthesis of these
free fatty acids (FAA) in the mammary glands or by destructive energy of the cow
revealed to heat stress. Moreover, heat stress negatively affects α- and β-casein in
the milk which will prompt expand the pH of the milk and lower P content [53].
(b) Veal Production Chain, and Climate Impacts
In the old lands (OL) which called Nile Valley, the mixed crop-livestock systems
were described as dominance, and in the newly reclaimed lands (NRL) in the west
Delta. This system relies on the allocation of lands between fodder and food crops;
green fodder (Clover, horse grass and corn) and grain (corn) square measure the
most parts of the feed ration of the herd, and crop residues from food and cash crops.
Wheat bran as an industrial byproduct is intensively utilized in each OL, and NRL