334
E.-S. E. Omran
Notice that not all of the “eating” samples have been recorded with the same
quality as the one shown in Fig. 6. There are “eating” samples with (1) different
noise levels, mainly due to the recording conditions, like sound probe placement and
environmental noise present at recording time, (2) different sound levels due to the
distance between the source RPW and the audio probe resulting in strong, average,
and weak “eating” samples, and (3) also different temporal extensions of “eating”
samples.
4.1.2 Thermal Map of RPW Defected Date Palm
By measurements, imaging and analyzing of infested and uninfested trees, results
partially showed that the RPW creates water stress and affects canopy temperature.
Analysis of thermal images of date palm plantation successfully detected infected
trees. Figure 7 shows the thermal image (TI), which can be considered as a real “thermal map” of the tree under study. “It only shows the surface temperature distribution,
which is generated by the different thermal properties (especially conductivity) of
the underlying areas of healthy or decaying tissue” (http://www.treethermography.
it/about_treethermography.htm). The thermal conductivity in wood is mainly linked
to tissue humidity and decreases as the liquid content decreases: that is why the areas
with a cavity (no tissue) or decay (less heat-conveying liquids) have a lower surface
temperature than healthy areas. The more the decay, the lower the surface temperature in the area covering it. The thermal camera detects this deficit in liquids at
the collar level because this decreases conductivity and consequently surface-bound
heat transmission.
Figure 7 shows that limited areas having a warmer temperature for no apparent
reason were sometimes spotted: when no rejuvenating tissue and vital tissue formations were found. The hypothesis that heat was emitted because of the initial activity
of a fungal or bacterial attack was put forward. The thermal camera does not “see
inside”, like the clinical thermometer that measures the human body temperature.
A surface temperature variation in a tree reveals something inside it that can cause
this variation. The area covering decay/cavities is colder than surrounding areas covering healthy tissue, because the absence of woody tissue (in the hole) and/or the
decrease in fluids in rotted tissue decrease thermal conductivity around there, and
subsequently the amount of surface-bound heat. Heat is somewhat delivered by the
tree metabolism and consumed from the outer condition and after that released. It
ought to be viewed as that wood is a decent protecting material, yet has a specific
thermal conductivity anyway.
4.2 Nano-minerals for Real-Time Control of the RPW
The present study also investigates the effects of Moringa oleifera on the activities
of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae. Results showed that mortality increased in the
E.-S. E. Omran
Notice that not all of the “eating” samples have been recorded with the same
quality as the one shown in Fig. 6. There are “eating” samples with (1) different
noise levels, mainly due to the recording conditions, like sound probe placement and
environmental noise present at recording time, (2) different sound levels due to the
distance between the source RPW and the audio probe resulting in strong, average,
and weak “eating” samples, and (3) also different temporal extensions of “eating”
samples.
4.1.2 Thermal Map of RPW Defected Date Palm
By measurements, imaging and analyzing of infested and uninfested trees, results
partially showed that the RPW creates water stress and affects canopy temperature.
Analysis of thermal images of date palm plantation successfully detected infected
trees. Figure 7 shows the thermal image (TI), which can be considered as a real “thermal map” of the tree under study. “It only shows the surface temperature distribution,
which is generated by the different thermal properties (especially conductivity) of
the underlying areas of healthy or decaying tissue” (http://www.treethermography.
it/about_treethermography.htm). The thermal conductivity in wood is mainly linked
to tissue humidity and decreases as the liquid content decreases: that is why the areas
with a cavity (no tissue) or decay (less heat-conveying liquids) have a lower surface
temperature than healthy areas. The more the decay, the lower the surface temperature in the area covering it. The thermal camera detects this deficit in liquids at
the collar level because this decreases conductivity and consequently surface-bound
heat transmission.
Figure 7 shows that limited areas having a warmer temperature for no apparent
reason were sometimes spotted: when no rejuvenating tissue and vital tissue formations were found. The hypothesis that heat was emitted because of the initial activity
of a fungal or bacterial attack was put forward. The thermal camera does not “see
inside”, like the clinical thermometer that measures the human body temperature.
A surface temperature variation in a tree reveals something inside it that can cause
this variation. The area covering decay/cavities is colder than surrounding areas covering healthy tissue, because the absence of woody tissue (in the hole) and/or the
decrease in fluids in rotted tissue decrease thermal conductivity around there, and
subsequently the amount of surface-bound heat. Heat is somewhat delivered by the
tree metabolism and consumed from the outer condition and after that released. It
ought to be viewed as that wood is a decent protecting material, yet has a specific
thermal conductivity anyway.
4.2 Nano-minerals for Real-Time Control of the RPW
The present study also investigates the effects of Moringa oleifera on the activities
of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae. Results showed that mortality increased in the