22
H. Khozyem
Fig. 1 The interaction between the earth system components
Earth is a complex system of interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes. The Earth system is comprised of four interconnected spheres of components
and processes: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere (incl. cryosphere) and biosphere
(Fig. 1). Changes in any of these components have a direct and/or indirect effect on
the other components. Consequently participates in the redistribution of climatic
belts. Recently we can also add the human impact as an effective factor has a strong
impact on the Earth’s climate. In reality, no component of the Earth system can be
considered in isolation from any other component. The Earth system operates within
and is strongly influenced by, the exosphere (sun, solar system, and galaxy).
The term Climatic Changes is proposed to explain the changes in the distribution
of weather patterns that are lasting and extends for a certain period. Several proxies
are proposed to be used as paleoclimatic tracers (i.e., oxygen—δ
18 O, sulfur—δ
33 S
and organic and inorganic carbon—δ
13 C) as well as the sedimentological data. These
proxies together increase our vital knowledge into the composition of atmosphere–
ocean-biosphere system. For example, the low δ
18 O suggesting increasing of greenhouse phenomena due to the high level of the greenhouse gaseous (CO 2 , CH 4 as well
as H 2 S). In contrast, the high δ
18 O indicates the proliferation of phytoplankton in the
oceans [1].
H. Khozyem
Fig. 1 The interaction between the earth system components
Earth is a complex system of interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes. The Earth system is comprised of four interconnected spheres of components
and processes: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere (incl. cryosphere) and biosphere
(Fig. 1). Changes in any of these components have a direct and/or indirect effect on
the other components. Consequently participates in the redistribution of climatic
belts. Recently we can also add the human impact as an effective factor has a strong
impact on the Earth’s climate. In reality, no component of the Earth system can be
considered in isolation from any other component. The Earth system operates within
and is strongly influenced by, the exosphere (sun, solar system, and galaxy).
The term Climatic Changes is proposed to explain the changes in the distribution
of weather patterns that are lasting and extends for a certain period. Several proxies
are proposed to be used as paleoclimatic tracers (i.e., oxygen—δ
18 O, sulfur—δ
33 S
and organic and inorganic carbon—δ
13 C) as well as the sedimentological data. These
proxies together increase our vital knowledge into the composition of atmosphere–
ocean-biosphere system. For example, the low δ
18 O suggesting increasing of greenhouse phenomena due to the high level of the greenhouse gaseous (CO 2 , CH 4 as well
as H 2 S). In contrast, the high δ
18 O indicates the proliferation of phytoplankton in the
oceans [1].