306
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
knowledge. Currently, rice cultivators and stakeholders of the rice sector are already
applying adaptation strategies, varying from individual autonomous local reactions
to planned policy interventions, to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change
in the main producing environments. Nevertheless, less research has been dedicated
to analyzing the impacts of climate change on rice production in Europe, where rice
is the 6th most produced cereal. Even though not being a staple food crop in Europe,
rice plays a focal sociocultural and ecological role in many Mediterranean countries,
where the human consumption is steadily increasing. With elevated temperatures
because of climate change, heat stress could be more common on temperate rice
crop. Recent findings on rice physiology reveal that heat stress causing sterility in
the exerted part of the panicle may occur even in Mediterranean countries, especially
in warm and humid years [4].
Egypt is one of the countries assuming to face damaging impacts of climate change
[34, 38], although its contribution to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
is 0.57% and despite the fact of not considering it in a non-annexe I country not
requiring any certain emission reduction targets under the Kyoto protocol. However,
Egypt has included in its National plans mitigation actions to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions from its main sectors contributing to climate change; energy, industry,
agriculture, and waste [34]. Agriculture in Egypt is one of the significant sectors
that is expected to be affected by climate change. Rice in Egypt is a strategic crop,
and it occupies the second class of the cultivated crops in Egypt [39]. He employed
the CERES-RICE model (a mechanistic, process-oriented model from grain cereals
that includes crop development) to understand physiological processes and yield of
rice production. He used actual measurements for rice production characteristics
in the comparison between present and future. He extracted meteorological data
representing in temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation for the years 1998 and
1999 from outputs of RegcM3. The climate data is used from HADCM3 for SRES—
A2 Scenario for 2040 and switched in RegcM3. The results of his work indicate
changes in flowering dates, physiological maturity, and production. He expected
over the country with the studied climate change scenario, the rice maturity period
is projected to diminish by 20% and yield to decrease by 25.8% on average. As
well, it is conducted that rice production in Egypt will be declined under expected
climate change. Subsequently, a gap between rice production and consumption will
be created. Furthermore, when the increased population is considered, this gap will
widen. Therefore, in the face of climate change, better understanding of climatic
impacts on rice production is vital to identifying solutions that will enhance current
food production and increase the adaptability of these systems in the future [35, 40].
The acceleration in global Sea Level Rise since the last decades of the 20th
century is one of the most evident consequences of the higher temperature as the
main impact of climate change. This phenomenon has been considered in all the
Assessment Reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC). IPCC provided different scenarios of the sea level rice in 2065 and 2100,
with the worst one estimated as 0.98 m in 2100 [41]. Sea level rise as a result of both
natural and human-induced climate change, it is one of the main reasons of salinity
intrusion into soil and groundwater. Considering other forms of lands, deltas are
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
knowledge. Currently, rice cultivators and stakeholders of the rice sector are already
applying adaptation strategies, varying from individual autonomous local reactions
to planned policy interventions, to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change
in the main producing environments. Nevertheless, less research has been dedicated
to analyzing the impacts of climate change on rice production in Europe, where rice
is the 6th most produced cereal. Even though not being a staple food crop in Europe,
rice plays a focal sociocultural and ecological role in many Mediterranean countries,
where the human consumption is steadily increasing. With elevated temperatures
because of climate change, heat stress could be more common on temperate rice
crop. Recent findings on rice physiology reveal that heat stress causing sterility in
the exerted part of the panicle may occur even in Mediterranean countries, especially
in warm and humid years [4].
Egypt is one of the countries assuming to face damaging impacts of climate change
[34, 38], although its contribution to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
is 0.57% and despite the fact of not considering it in a non-annexe I country not
requiring any certain emission reduction targets under the Kyoto protocol. However,
Egypt has included in its National plans mitigation actions to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions from its main sectors contributing to climate change; energy, industry,
agriculture, and waste [34]. Agriculture in Egypt is one of the significant sectors
that is expected to be affected by climate change. Rice in Egypt is a strategic crop,
and it occupies the second class of the cultivated crops in Egypt [39]. He employed
the CERES-RICE model (a mechanistic, process-oriented model from grain cereals
that includes crop development) to understand physiological processes and yield of
rice production. He used actual measurements for rice production characteristics
in the comparison between present and future. He extracted meteorological data
representing in temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation for the years 1998 and
1999 from outputs of RegcM3. The climate data is used from HADCM3 for SRES—
A2 Scenario for 2040 and switched in RegcM3. The results of his work indicate
changes in flowering dates, physiological maturity, and production. He expected
over the country with the studied climate change scenario, the rice maturity period
is projected to diminish by 20% and yield to decrease by 25.8% on average. As
well, it is conducted that rice production in Egypt will be declined under expected
climate change. Subsequently, a gap between rice production and consumption will
be created. Furthermore, when the increased population is considered, this gap will
widen. Therefore, in the face of climate change, better understanding of climatic
impacts on rice production is vital to identifying solutions that will enhance current
food production and increase the adaptability of these systems in the future [35, 40].
The acceleration in global Sea Level Rise since the last decades of the 20th
century is one of the most evident consequences of the higher temperature as the
main impact of climate change. This phenomenon has been considered in all the
Assessment Reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC). IPCC provided different scenarios of the sea level rice in 2065 and 2100,
with the worst one estimated as 0.98 m in 2100 [41]. Sea level rise as a result of both
natural and human-induced climate change, it is one of the main reasons of salinity
intrusion into soil and groundwater. Considering other forms of lands, deltas are