304
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
In many places, rice straw is not commercially valuable and is disposed of in
different ways [9]. It is burned in fields which makes rice residue as another emission source yielding CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, in addition to, pollutants such as carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, the burning of these residues causes many problems such as
air pollution, damaging to human health, and loss of soil C and nutrients [7, 29].
Rice straw residue also is left in the situ or removed from the fields for animal feed.
Therefore, the incorporation of rice straw residues into the fields has been widely
encouraged to preserve SOM and nutrients in the soil. Nonetheless, the incorporation
of crop residues into paddy rice fields significantly increases CH 4 emissions because
CH 4 production in flooded fields mainly relies on the availability of readily decomposable OM [7]. In 2008, about 620 million tons of rice straw was produced in Asia
alone, with increasing quantity every year. Rice straw consists of about 0.6% (w)
N, 0.1% P, 1.5% K, 5% Si, 0.1% S and 40% C, being a convenient source of plant
nutrients because of its on-the-spot availability in amounts varying from 2 to 10 t
ha
−1 . Although residue retention is crucial for the sustainable soil management of
mixed and non-rice cropping, incorporation of rice straw directly into soil commonly
causes CH 4 emissions due to its anaerobic breakdown. Therefore, the promoting a
proper rice straw treatment method before its incorporation into the soil is urgently
needed [9]. As well, with a target to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture and
rural development sectors, there is a critical requiring to mitigate rice CH 4 emissions while increasing or maintaining rice production levels which presents a major
scientific and societal challenge [7].
6 The Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rice
on Land Loss and Rice Production in Egypt
Climate change characterized by global warming has already had noticeable impacts
on the ecological systems and human societies. The historical records indicate
increasing the global mean surface temperature by 0.89 °C from 1901 to 2012.
This warming trend expected to continue in the upcoming decades and would lead
to more significant impacts on ecosystems and human societies. The main reason
for current global warming is the human-induced GHG emissions [30]. The energy
sector emissions are generated from fuel combustion in the different sectors such
as industry, transportation, electricity generation, agriculture, residential and commercial, petroleum production and industries. Industrial emissions are related to
heavy industries such as cement, iron, and steel production. Agricultural emissions
are mainly released from rice cultivation, enteric fermentation of livestock, manure
management, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues [34].
Crop cultivation has moved northward since the 1940s. Rapid urbanization, policy
changes in agriculture and land use, mechanization, and changes in farm management
have driven this movement. As well, climate change has also played an important part
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
In many places, rice straw is not commercially valuable and is disposed of in
different ways [9]. It is burned in fields which makes rice residue as another emission source yielding CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, in addition to, pollutants such as carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, the burning of these residues causes many problems such as
air pollution, damaging to human health, and loss of soil C and nutrients [7, 29].
Rice straw residue also is left in the situ or removed from the fields for animal feed.
Therefore, the incorporation of rice straw residues into the fields has been widely
encouraged to preserve SOM and nutrients in the soil. Nonetheless, the incorporation
of crop residues into paddy rice fields significantly increases CH 4 emissions because
CH 4 production in flooded fields mainly relies on the availability of readily decomposable OM [7]. In 2008, about 620 million tons of rice straw was produced in Asia
alone, with increasing quantity every year. Rice straw consists of about 0.6% (w)
N, 0.1% P, 1.5% K, 5% Si, 0.1% S and 40% C, being a convenient source of plant
nutrients because of its on-the-spot availability in amounts varying from 2 to 10 t
ha
−1 . Although residue retention is crucial for the sustainable soil management of
mixed and non-rice cropping, incorporation of rice straw directly into soil commonly
causes CH 4 emissions due to its anaerobic breakdown. Therefore, the promoting a
proper rice straw treatment method before its incorporation into the soil is urgently
needed [9]. As well, with a target to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture and
rural development sectors, there is a critical requiring to mitigate rice CH 4 emissions while increasing or maintaining rice production levels which presents a major
scientific and societal challenge [7].
6 The Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rice
on Land Loss and Rice Production in Egypt
Climate change characterized by global warming has already had noticeable impacts
on the ecological systems and human societies. The historical records indicate
increasing the global mean surface temperature by 0.89 °C from 1901 to 2012.
This warming trend expected to continue in the upcoming decades and would lead
to more significant impacts on ecosystems and human societies. The main reason
for current global warming is the human-induced GHG emissions [30]. The energy
sector emissions are generated from fuel combustion in the different sectors such
as industry, transportation, electricity generation, agriculture, residential and commercial, petroleum production and industries. Industrial emissions are related to
heavy industries such as cement, iron, and steel production. Agricultural emissions
are mainly released from rice cultivation, enteric fermentation of livestock, manure
management, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues [34].
Crop cultivation has moved northward since the 1940s. Rapid urbanization, policy
changes in agriculture and land use, mechanization, and changes in farm management
have driven this movement. As well, climate change has also played an important part