292
S. Ouda
Thus, it is recommended to use this procedure in case of unavailability of wind speed
and dew point temperature values.
The BISm model was used to project Kc values in 2030. The results indicated
that Kc ini values for field and vegetable crops were lower in 2030, compared to its
counterpart values in 2016. The values of Kc mid were higher in 2030, and the value
of Kc end was similar or higher in 2030, compared to its counterpart values in 2016.
This increase in the Kc values, especially in the middle of the growing season, where
maximum growth existed, results in increases in the required irrigation amounts to
satisfy the needs of these crops. Whereas, there was no change in the values of Kc
for fruit crops between 2016 and 2030. This could be attributed to that fact that
fruit trees established ground cover all year long, which makes it less responsive to
weather variation between growing seasons. However, the projected values of ETc
will increase. This increase can be attributed to the expected rise in weather elements
that could lead to a net deficit in atmospheric water content, consequently excessive
evaporation from soil, water, and plant surfaces.
7 Recommendations
1. The policymakers should take into account the expected consequences of climate
change in their future plans, regulate the amount of available water for agriculture,
and distribute it on the basis of crops needs in each agro-climatic zone.
2. The policymakers should make efforts to improve irrigation water transport,
distribution, and application efficiency to reduce water losses through evaporation
and deep percolation.
3. The prevailing irrigation system in Egypt is surface irrigation, which endures
high water losses; therefore policymakers should change this type of system to
more efficient one.
References
1. Rao KPC, Ndegwa WG, Kizito K, Oyoo A (2011) Climate variability and change: farmer
perceptions and understanding of intra-seasonal variability in rainfall and associated risk in
semi-arid Kenya. Exp Agric 47:267–291
2. IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Intergovernmental panel on climate
change fourth assessment report: climate change 2007. Synthesis report. World Meteorological
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
3. Kimball BA, Kobayashi K, Bindi M (2002) Responses of agricultural crops to free-air CO 2
enrichment. Adv Agron 77:293–368
4. El-Massah S, Omran G (2014) Would climate change affect the imports of cereals? The case of
Egypt. In: Handbook of climate change adaptation. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin
S. Ouda
Thus, it is recommended to use this procedure in case of unavailability of wind speed
and dew point temperature values.
The BISm model was used to project Kc values in 2030. The results indicated
that Kc ini values for field and vegetable crops were lower in 2030, compared to its
counterpart values in 2016. The values of Kc mid were higher in 2030, and the value
of Kc end was similar or higher in 2030, compared to its counterpart values in 2016.
This increase in the Kc values, especially in the middle of the growing season, where
maximum growth existed, results in increases in the required irrigation amounts to
satisfy the needs of these crops. Whereas, there was no change in the values of Kc
for fruit crops between 2016 and 2030. This could be attributed to that fact that
fruit trees established ground cover all year long, which makes it less responsive to
weather variation between growing seasons. However, the projected values of ETc
will increase. This increase can be attributed to the expected rise in weather elements
that could lead to a net deficit in atmospheric water content, consequently excessive
evaporation from soil, water, and plant surfaces.
7 Recommendations
1. The policymakers should take into account the expected consequences of climate
change in their future plans, regulate the amount of available water for agriculture,
and distribute it on the basis of crops needs in each agro-climatic zone.
2. The policymakers should make efforts to improve irrigation water transport,
distribution, and application efficiency to reduce water losses through evaporation
and deep percolation.
3. The prevailing irrigation system in Egypt is surface irrigation, which endures
high water losses; therefore policymakers should change this type of system to
more efficient one.
References
1. Rao KPC, Ndegwa WG, Kizito K, Oyoo A (2011) Climate variability and change: farmer
perceptions and understanding of intra-seasonal variability in rainfall and associated risk in
semi-arid Kenya. Exp Agric 47:267–291
2. IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Intergovernmental panel on climate
change fourth assessment report: climate change 2007. Synthesis report. World Meteorological
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
3. Kimball BA, Kobayashi K, Bindi M (2002) Responses of agricultural crops to free-air CO 2
enrichment. Adv Agron 77:293–368
4. El-Massah S, Omran G (2014) Would climate change affect the imports of cereals? The case of
Egypt. In: Handbook of climate change adaptation. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin