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E.-S. E. Omran
plant production practices (i.e. fertilization, plant protection, irrigation, etc.) or the
adoption of plant production practices that increase the soil organic matter content
or the soil coverage by plants, manure management and agroforestry practices.
The international community has approved five principles of sustainable food
and agriculture in order to achieve the 2030 agenda, which provide a framework for
policy discussion and the development of adequate policies, strategies, regulations,
and opportunities. FAO [20] identified these principles as:
Improving efficiency in the use of resources is crucial to sustainable agriculture; Sustainability requires direct action to conserve, protect and enhance natural resources; Agriculture that
fails to protect and improve rural livelihoods, equity, and social well-being is unsustainable;
Enhanced resilience of people, communities, and ecosystems is key to sustainable agriculture; and Sustainable food and agriculture require responsible and effective governance
mechanisms.
Climate change and its impacts are well identified as posing a significant threat to
achieving sustainable development goals. Climate change in the Arab region could
undermine past success and prospects, although less than 5% of the region contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions [21]. The Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG13) advises countries to accept effective action to combat climate change and
its effects, enabling new and improved statistical measures on resilience, adaptability,
and mobilization of resources.
3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability
of Egypt, Is There Any Change?
Egypt is one of the developing countries, which are vulnerable to climate impacts
over different vital sectors such as agriculture, water resources and health. Egypt
(Lat. 22° N, 33° N, Lon. 24° E 37° E), bounded by Med. Sea at the north, Red Sea
to the east, Sudan and Libya to south and west respectively.
Egypt has been divided into four climate-based affective management zones
in combination with physiography, natural resources, agriculture and other socioeconomic factors (Fig. 1).
GRiSP [18] investigates the distinction between the two periods (1951–2016) and
(1901–1950) to assess if the temperature (TN and TX) or precipitation changes take
place. It is evident that there is a positive rise in TX across all Egypt, especially in
Lower Egypt about 0.6 °C and 0.4 °C respectively in winter and summer, which is
due to the growth in urbanization in northern Egypt than in southern Egypt. For TN,
the winter difference in the Greater Cairo and its surroundings ranges from 0.85 °C to
about 0.5 in southern Egypt, but in the summer, the significant difference in southern
Egypt was about 0.7 °C and 0.45 °C in the north. For rainfall, there is no significant
difference except a relatively increase at the northern coast of Egypt.
There has been a general warming over Egypt for the current climate since 1951
with higher warming in winter than in summer, and this seems to be more TN than TX
E.-S. E. Omran
plant production practices (i.e. fertilization, plant protection, irrigation, etc.) or the
adoption of plant production practices that increase the soil organic matter content
or the soil coverage by plants, manure management and agroforestry practices.
The international community has approved five principles of sustainable food
and agriculture in order to achieve the 2030 agenda, which provide a framework for
policy discussion and the development of adequate policies, strategies, regulations,
and opportunities. FAO [20] identified these principles as:
Improving efficiency in the use of resources is crucial to sustainable agriculture; Sustainability requires direct action to conserve, protect and enhance natural resources; Agriculture that
fails to protect and improve rural livelihoods, equity, and social well-being is unsustainable;
Enhanced resilience of people, communities, and ecosystems is key to sustainable agriculture; and Sustainable food and agriculture require responsible and effective governance
mechanisms.
Climate change and its impacts are well identified as posing a significant threat to
achieving sustainable development goals. Climate change in the Arab region could
undermine past success and prospects, although less than 5% of the region contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions [21]. The Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG13) advises countries to accept effective action to combat climate change and
its effects, enabling new and improved statistical measures on resilience, adaptability,
and mobilization of resources.
3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability
of Egypt, Is There Any Change?
Egypt is one of the developing countries, which are vulnerable to climate impacts
over different vital sectors such as agriculture, water resources and health. Egypt
(Lat. 22° N, 33° N, Lon. 24° E 37° E), bounded by Med. Sea at the north, Red Sea
to the east, Sudan and Libya to south and west respectively.
Egypt has been divided into four climate-based affective management zones
in combination with physiography, natural resources, agriculture and other socioeconomic factors (Fig. 1).
GRiSP [18] investigates the distinction between the two periods (1951–2016) and
(1901–1950) to assess if the temperature (TN and TX) or precipitation changes take
place. It is evident that there is a positive rise in TX across all Egypt, especially in
Lower Egypt about 0.6 °C and 0.4 °C respectively in winter and summer, which is
due to the growth in urbanization in northern Egypt than in southern Egypt. For TN,
the winter difference in the Greater Cairo and its surroundings ranges from 0.85 °C to
about 0.5 in southern Egypt, but in the summer, the significant difference in southern
Egypt was about 0.7 °C and 0.45 °C in the north. For rainfall, there is no significant
difference except a relatively increase at the northern coast of Egypt.
There has been a general warming over Egypt for the current climate since 1951
with higher warming in winter than in summer, and this seems to be more TN than TX