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43. Papanikolaou AD, Kühn I, Frenzel M, Schweiger O (2016) Semi-natural habitats mitigate the
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47. Kjøhl M, Nielsen A, Stenseth NC (2011) Potential effects of climate change on crop
pollination. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
48. Sutherst RW, Maywald GF, Bourne AS (2007) Including species interactions in risk
assessments for global change. Glob Change Biol 13:1843–1859
49. van der Putten WH, de Ruiter PC, Bezemer TM, Harvey JA, Wassen M, Wolters V (2004)
Trophic interactions in a changing world. Basic Appl Ecol 5:487–494
50. Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV,
Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J, Vanbergen AJ (2016) Safeguarding pollinators and their values
to human well-being. Nature 540(7632):220–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588
51. Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace
GM, Tilman D (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401):59–67.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148. PMID 22678280
52. Hughes L (2000) Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?
Trends Ecol Evol 15:56–61
53. Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu
Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–669
54. Walther G-R, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJ, Fromentin JM, HoeghGuldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–
395
55. Gornall J, Betts R, Burke E, Clark R, Camp J, Willett K, Wiltshire A (2010) Implications of
climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 365(1554):2973–2989. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0158
56. IPCC (2007b) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry ML,
Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Contribution of working
group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976 pp
M. A. M. Osman and M. A. Shebl
37. Nabhan GP, Buchmann SL (1997) Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily GC (ed) Nature’s
services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. CoVelo: Island Press, Washington, D.C.
38. Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissière BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability
of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol Econ 68:810–821
39. Hegland SJ, Nielsen A, Lázaro A, Bjerknes AL, Totland Ø (2009) How does climate warming
affect plant-pollinator interactions? Ecol Lett 12:184–195
40. Memmott J, Craze PG, Waser NM, Price MV (2007) Global warming and the disruption of
plant-pollinator interactions. Ecol Lett 10:710–717
41. Schweiger O, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R, Hickler T, Hulme P, Klotz S, Kühn I, Moora M,
Nielsen A, Ohlemuller R, Petanidou T, Potts SG, Pysek P, Stout JC, Sykes M, Tscheulin T,
Vilà M, Wather GR, Westphal C (2010) Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate
change and alien species interact to affect pollination. Biol Rev 85:777–795
42. Bartomeus I, Park MG, Gibbs J, Danforth BN, Lakso AN, Winfree R (2013) Biodiversity
ensures plant-pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change. Ecol Lett 16:1331–
1338
43. Papanikolaou AD, Kühn I, Frenzel M, Schweiger O (2016) Semi-natural habitats mitigate the
effects of temperature rise on wild bees. J Appl Ecol 54(2):527–536
44. Thomson DM (2016) Local bumble bee decline linked to recovery of honey bees, drought
effects on floral resources. Ecol Lett 19:1247–1255
45. IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. In: Edenhofer O, PichsMadruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S,
Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC
(eds) Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental
panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
46. IPCC (2007a) Climate change 2007: synthesis report. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK,
Reisinger A (eds) Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp
47. Kjøhl M, Nielsen A, Stenseth NC (2011) Potential effects of climate change on crop
pollination. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
48. Sutherst RW, Maywald GF, Bourne AS (2007) Including species interactions in risk
assessments for global change. Glob Change Biol 13:1843–1859
49. van der Putten WH, de Ruiter PC, Bezemer TM, Harvey JA, Wassen M, Wolters V (2004)
Trophic interactions in a changing world. Basic Appl Ecol 5:487–494
50. Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV,
Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J, Vanbergen AJ (2016) Safeguarding pollinators and their values
to human well-being. Nature 540(7632):220–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588
51. Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace
GM, Tilman D (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401):59–67.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148. PMID 22678280
52. Hughes L (2000) Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?
Trends Ecol Evol 15:56–61
53. Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu
Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–669
54. Walther G-R, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJ, Fromentin JM, HoeghGuldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–
395
55. Gornall J, Betts R, Burke E, Clark R, Camp J, Willett K, Wiltshire A (2010) Implications of
climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 365(1554):2973–2989. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0158
56. IPCC (2007b) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry ML,
Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Contribution of working
group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976 pp