6
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
highlighted in the Third Communication of Egypt (2016). Also, the challenges facing the private sector have been discussed. The chapter also reflected on the issue
of gender mainstreaming in the climate change policies in Egypt heightening the
importance of the development of the National Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender
in Climate Change in Egypt. The chapter also covers the engagement of Egypt in the
regional and global climate change governance focusing on being the president of
the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) and Coordinator
of the Committee of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change
(CAHOSCC) for the period 2015–2017. Also, the chapter discussed the main challenges facing climate change governance in Egypt highlighting the need for better
coordination between different stockholders.
The second way is linked to governance and institutional structure
of climate change in Egypt. There is still a marked lack of support for the growth of institutional capacity and the frameworks needed
to address climate change at local [1, 2]. A cross-cutting problem,
such as climate change, can not be handled by a single department of government or
ministry. The inclusion of climate change in policy decisions requires consideration
of the causes and consequences of climate change in non-climate sectors [3]. “Integrated strategies are a relatively novel approach to govern highly complex issues that
involve several sectors and levels of governance. These are a key tool for fostering not
only sustainable development, but also convergence or ecological modernization of
environmental policy” [1]. Both concepts promote the integration of environmental
concerns into sectors with significant environmental implications long before sustainable development dominated the discourse on the environment [4]. In Egypt,
despite a stated commitment to grassroots involvement in climate change adaptation
processes and actions, the actual focus in national adaptation plans is on technical
and infrastructure options for adaptation, with little attention given to the social and
institutional context in which these options operate [2]. In order to better serve the
needs and interests of the most vulnerable populations, future national-level efforts to
develop adaptation plans need to consider the role of local institutions more centrally.
Chapter four elaborates on the “Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation in
Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt” because climate change becoming
a serious man-made environmental challenge with its serious impact on the livelihood. It provides them with the tools and technologies needed to address the impact
of climate change, which should be the main task of international communities [5].
Therefore, science, innovations, and technologies are being to be more important
than ever. They have been focused by agricultural research initiatives that contribute
to the climate change adaptation efforts and enable the farmers and policy-makers to
draw their strategies and actions to face climate change impacts. Egypt vision 2030
stated that “Knowledge, innovation, and scientific research contribute to achieving
the goals of sustainable development and to cope with the impact of climate change on
agricultural sectors, new technologies and innovations have been tested and verified
by agricultural research initiatives that contribute to the climate change adaptation
efforts and enable the farmers and policy-makers to draw their strategies and actions
to face climate change impacts. The Egyptian research system is making great effort
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
highlighted in the Third Communication of Egypt (2016). Also, the challenges facing the private sector have been discussed. The chapter also reflected on the issue
of gender mainstreaming in the climate change policies in Egypt heightening the
importance of the development of the National Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender
in Climate Change in Egypt. The chapter also covers the engagement of Egypt in the
regional and global climate change governance focusing on being the president of
the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) and Coordinator
of the Committee of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change
(CAHOSCC) for the period 2015–2017. Also, the chapter discussed the main challenges facing climate change governance in Egypt highlighting the need for better
coordination between different stockholders.
The second way is linked to governance and institutional structure
of climate change in Egypt. There is still a marked lack of support for the growth of institutional capacity and the frameworks needed
to address climate change at local [1, 2]. A cross-cutting problem,
such as climate change, can not be handled by a single department of government or
ministry. The inclusion of climate change in policy decisions requires consideration
of the causes and consequences of climate change in non-climate sectors [3]. “Integrated strategies are a relatively novel approach to govern highly complex issues that
involve several sectors and levels of governance. These are a key tool for fostering not
only sustainable development, but also convergence or ecological modernization of
environmental policy” [1]. Both concepts promote the integration of environmental
concerns into sectors with significant environmental implications long before sustainable development dominated the discourse on the environment [4]. In Egypt,
despite a stated commitment to grassroots involvement in climate change adaptation
processes and actions, the actual focus in national adaptation plans is on technical
and infrastructure options for adaptation, with little attention given to the social and
institutional context in which these options operate [2]. In order to better serve the
needs and interests of the most vulnerable populations, future national-level efforts to
develop adaptation plans need to consider the role of local institutions more centrally.
Chapter four elaborates on the “Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation in
Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt” because climate change becoming
a serious man-made environmental challenge with its serious impact on the livelihood. It provides them with the tools and technologies needed to address the impact
of climate change, which should be the main task of international communities [5].
Therefore, science, innovations, and technologies are being to be more important
than ever. They have been focused by agricultural research initiatives that contribute
to the climate change adaptation efforts and enable the farmers and policy-makers to
draw their strategies and actions to face climate change impacts. Egypt vision 2030
stated that “Knowledge, innovation, and scientific research contribute to achieving
the goals of sustainable development and to cope with the impact of climate change on
agricultural sectors, new technologies and innovations have been tested and verified
by agricultural research initiatives that contribute to the climate change adaptation
efforts and enable the farmers and policy-makers to draw their strategies and actions
to face climate change impacts. The Egyptian research system is making great effort