142
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References
1. NOAA-NCEI (2017) National oceanic and atmospheric administration—national centers for
environmental information. Global Climate Report, Sept 2017
2. CO 2 -Earth (2017) https://www.co2.earth/global-co2-emissions
3. Olivier JGJ, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters JAHW (2016) Trends in global
CO 2 emissions: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 2016 Report publication number: 2315. http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news_docs/jrc-2016-trends-in-global-co2emissions-2016-report-103425.pdf
4. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) Fourth assessment report on
climate change: climate change: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
5. CAMPAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics) (2017) Statistical
yearbook. Issue no. 108. http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5034
6. Selim TH (2009) Egypt’s carbon emissions and the kyoto protocol. Egypt, energy and the
environment. Adonis & Abbey Ltd
7. UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2016) Egypt THIRD
national communication
8. UNFCCC (2017) United Nations Climate Change Conference (“COP23”) Bonn (Germany)
from 6–17 November 2017. https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop23-key-outcomes-agreed-unclimate-talks-bonn
9. EEAA (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency) (2016) Egypt third national communication,
under the United Nations Framework convention on climate change. EEAA Publications
10. Koponen HT, Duran CE, Mjanen M, Hytnoen J, Martikainen PJ (2006) Temperature responses
of NO and N 2 O emissions from boreal organic soil. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1779–1787
11. Nosalewicz M, Stepniewska Z, Nosalewicz A (2013) Effect of soil moisture and temperature
on N 2 O and CO 2 concentrations in soil irrigated with purified wastewater. Int Agrophys
27:299–304
12. Raich JW, Potter CS (1995) Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils. Global
Biogeochem Cycles 9:23–36
13. Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagavatti D (2002) Interannua1 variability in global soil respiration,
1980–94. Global Change Biol. 8:800–812
14. Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ (2000) Global, regional and national fossil fuel CO, emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of date on global change. Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
U.S. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
15. Fang Y, Singh B, Singh BP, Krull E (2014) Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils.
Eur J Soil Sci 65:60–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12094
16. Sun L, Li L, Chen Z, Wang J, Xiong Z (2014) Combined effects of nitrogen deposition and
biochar application on emissions of N 2 O, CO 2 and NH 3 from agricultural and forest soils.
Soil Sci Plant Nutr 60:254–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2014.885386
17. Xie Z, Xu Y, Liu G, Liu Q, Zhu J, Tu C, Amonette JE, Cadisch G, Yong JWH, Hu S (2013)
Impact of biochar application on nitrogen nutrition of rice, greenhouse-gas emissions and soil
organic carbon dynamics in two paddy soils of China. Plant Soil 370:527–540. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11104-013-1636-x
18. Stewart CE, Zheng J, Botte J, Cotrufo MF (2013) Co-generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates green-house gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB
Bioenergy 5:153–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12001
19. Butnan S, Deenik JL, Toomsan B, Antal MJ, Vityakon P (2016) Biochar properties influencing
greenhouse gas emissions in tropical soils differing in texture and mineralogy. J Environ Qual
45:1509–1519. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.10.0532
20. Chen ST, Huang Y, Zou JW (2008) Relationship between nitrous oxide emission and winter
wheat production. Biol Fertil Soil (Berlin) 44(7):985–989
R. R. Shahin
References
1. NOAA-NCEI (2017) National oceanic and atmospheric administration—national centers for
environmental information. Global Climate Report, Sept 2017
2. CO 2 -Earth (2017) https://www.co2.earth/global-co2-emissions
3. Olivier JGJ, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters JAHW (2016) Trends in global
CO 2 emissions: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 2016 Report publication number: 2315. http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news_docs/jrc-2016-trends-in-global-co2emissions-2016-report-103425.pdf
4. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) Fourth assessment report on
climate change: climate change: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
5. CAMPAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics) (2017) Statistical
yearbook. Issue no. 108. http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5034
6. Selim TH (2009) Egypt’s carbon emissions and the kyoto protocol. Egypt, energy and the
environment. Adonis & Abbey Ltd
7. UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2016) Egypt THIRD
national communication
8. UNFCCC (2017) United Nations Climate Change Conference (“COP23”) Bonn (Germany)
from 6–17 November 2017. https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop23-key-outcomes-agreed-unclimate-talks-bonn
9. EEAA (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency) (2016) Egypt third national communication,
under the United Nations Framework convention on climate change. EEAA Publications
10. Koponen HT, Duran CE, Mjanen M, Hytnoen J, Martikainen PJ (2006) Temperature responses
of NO and N 2 O emissions from boreal organic soil. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1779–1787
11. Nosalewicz M, Stepniewska Z, Nosalewicz A (2013) Effect of soil moisture and temperature
on N 2 O and CO 2 concentrations in soil irrigated with purified wastewater. Int Agrophys
27:299–304
12. Raich JW, Potter CS (1995) Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils. Global
Biogeochem Cycles 9:23–36
13. Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagavatti D (2002) Interannua1 variability in global soil respiration,
1980–94. Global Change Biol. 8:800–812
14. Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ (2000) Global, regional and national fossil fuel CO, emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of date on global change. Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
U.S. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
15. Fang Y, Singh B, Singh BP, Krull E (2014) Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils.
Eur J Soil Sci 65:60–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12094
16. Sun L, Li L, Chen Z, Wang J, Xiong Z (2014) Combined effects of nitrogen deposition and
biochar application on emissions of N 2 O, CO 2 and NH 3 from agricultural and forest soils.
Soil Sci Plant Nutr 60:254–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2014.885386
17. Xie Z, Xu Y, Liu G, Liu Q, Zhu J, Tu C, Amonette JE, Cadisch G, Yong JWH, Hu S (2013)
Impact of biochar application on nitrogen nutrition of rice, greenhouse-gas emissions and soil
organic carbon dynamics in two paddy soils of China. Plant Soil 370:527–540. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11104-013-1636-x
18. Stewart CE, Zheng J, Botte J, Cotrufo MF (2013) Co-generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates green-house gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB
Bioenergy 5:153–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12001
19. Butnan S, Deenik JL, Toomsan B, Antal MJ, Vityakon P (2016) Biochar properties influencing
greenhouse gas emissions in tropical soils differing in texture and mineralogy. J Environ Qual
45:1509–1519. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.10.0532
20. Chen ST, Huang Y, Zou JW (2008) Relationship between nitrous oxide emission and winter
wheat production. Biol Fertil Soil (Berlin) 44(7):985–989