3 Analytical Determination of NSAIDs in Waters
of Different Origin
3.1 Main NSAIDs Found in Bodies of Water
The NSAIDs constitute a family of about 50 different products, but the most studied
in different water bodies are shown in Table 1. To a lesser extent, pyroxican [3, 42,
55, 103, 104, 118], indoprofen [3], ketocorolac [7, 42] pyroxican [3, 42], diflunisal
[43, 55, 104], tolmetin [56], nimesulide [57], meclofenamic acid [44, 45, 58, 59,
112], tolfenamic acid [44, 53, 59, 60], flufenamic acid [58, 60], meloxicam [61],
niflumic acid [113], sulindac [3, 55, 103, 104], and metamizol [62]. Among veterinary NSAIDs, carprofen and flunixin have been evaluated [60].
The different types of water from which NSAIDs have been analyzed are shown
in Table 2. The terms used by the authors were maintained, although it is important
to note that there is great confusion in the literature regarding the terms used to
catalog the bodies of water. As can be seen in the table, most of the work on natural
waters has been carried out on surface waters, particularly in rivers, while the
emphasis on wastewater is in the effluents of the treatment plants.
3.2 General Methodology
Different analytical methods are used for the determination of NSAIDs in water.
Regardless of the selected method, researchers follow a general method that consists
of three main stages:
1. Collection and preservation of the sample
2. Extraction and concentration of the analytes of interest
3. Separation, identification, and quantification of analyte
3.2.1 Stage 1: Collection and Preservation of the Sample
Sampling is an important step to ensure quality and reliability of analytical determinations and obtain significant results. The samples must be representative of water
quality at the time and place of sampling and relevant depending on the objective of
the analysis. There is abundant information on the proper sampling of various types
of water. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
5667-1 [120] provides guidance on sampling programs and techniques, as well as
different types of samples depending on the purpose of the analysis. Different parts
and updates of this standard complement the information on the sampling according
to the type of water to be analyzed.
Quantification of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Water
87
of Different Origin
3.1 Main NSAIDs Found in Bodies of Water
The NSAIDs constitute a family of about 50 different products, but the most studied
in different water bodies are shown in Table 1. To a lesser extent, pyroxican [3, 42,
55, 103, 104, 118], indoprofen [3], ketocorolac [7, 42] pyroxican [3, 42], diflunisal
[43, 55, 104], tolmetin [56], nimesulide [57], meclofenamic acid [44, 45, 58, 59,
112], tolfenamic acid [44, 53, 59, 60], flufenamic acid [58, 60], meloxicam [61],
niflumic acid [113], sulindac [3, 55, 103, 104], and metamizol [62]. Among veterinary NSAIDs, carprofen and flunixin have been evaluated [60].
The different types of water from which NSAIDs have been analyzed are shown
in Table 2. The terms used by the authors were maintained, although it is important
to note that there is great confusion in the literature regarding the terms used to
catalog the bodies of water. As can be seen in the table, most of the work on natural
waters has been carried out on surface waters, particularly in rivers, while the
emphasis on wastewater is in the effluents of the treatment plants.
3.2 General Methodology
Different analytical methods are used for the determination of NSAIDs in water.
Regardless of the selected method, researchers follow a general method that consists
of three main stages:
1. Collection and preservation of the sample
2. Extraction and concentration of the analytes of interest
3. Separation, identification, and quantification of analyte
3.2.1 Stage 1: Collection and Preservation of the Sample
Sampling is an important step to ensure quality and reliability of analytical determinations and obtain significant results. The samples must be representative of water
quality at the time and place of sampling and relevant depending on the objective of
the analysis. There is abundant information on the proper sampling of various types
of water. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
5667-1 [120] provides guidance on sampling programs and techniques, as well as
different types of samples depending on the purpose of the analysis. Different parts
and updates of this standard complement the information on the sampling according
to the type of water to be analyzed.
Quantification of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Water
87