4.3 Ibuprofen
Nallani et al. [109] investigated the uptake and depuration of IBF in fathead minnow
and channel catfish exposed to 250 μg/L of this drug. Their results demonstrated IBF
is poorly bioconcentrated in both species. However, in a more recent study,
Mezzelani et al. [7] demonstrated mussels exposed to environmental concentrations
of IBF revealed a significant bioaccumulation of the drug.
Like PCT, IBF has been associated with the fluctuation of several oxidative stress
biomarkers in multiple species. Gonzalez-Rey and Bebianno [110] demonstrated the
breakdown of the redox defense system and the prooxidant activity of IBF in
mussels exposed to environmental concentrations of this pollutant. Their results
agree with those reported by Bartoskova et al. [113], Islas-Flores et al. [6], and
Stancova et al. [8], who also demonstrated this pharmaceutical-induced oxidative
stress in zebrafish, common carp, and tench, respectively.
The reproductive damage of IBF at environmental relevant concentrations was
investigated by Han et al. [108]. They exposed fertilized eggs of Japanese medaka to
several concentrations of this drug for 144 days. In their results, IBF induced the
production of vitellogenin in male fish and increased the number of eggs per brood.
Information regarding IBF toxicity effects on behavior and hematological parameters in fish is scarce. Ogueji et al. [114] observed the behavioral responses of
Clarias gariepinus fish exposed to several concentrations of IBF to 96 h. Fishes
exposed to the drug exhibited abnormal behavior characterized by regurgitation of
food, jerky movements, and loss of equilibrium. Furthermore, the acute exposure of
the African catfish to IBF also resulted in the alteration of several hematological
parameters, such as the increase of red blood count, hemoglobin, pack cell volume,
and leukocytes.
4.4 Acetylsalicylic Acid
ASA may cause a negative impact on some biomarkers connected with the production of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Zivna et al. [117] exposed zebrafish
larvae to several concentrations of this pollutant for 28 days. After the exposure,
larvae demonstrated the activity of multiple antioxidant enzymes increased, whereas
lipid peroxidation depleted. Two years later, Zivna et al. [119] also demonstrated
ASA altered the activity of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in common
carp embryos exposed to this NSAID. However, in this case, the antioxidant activity
diminished and lipid peroxidation increased.
In addition to the oxidative stress study, Zivna et al. [119] assessed the toxic
effects of ASA on the growth and development of common carp embryos. Developmental abnormalities, such as hyperpigmentation, lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis,
intestinal damage, and lower body weight, were found in larvae exposed to ASA.
30
G. A. Elizalde-Velázquez and L. M. Gómez-Oliván
Nallani et al. [109] investigated the uptake and depuration of IBF in fathead minnow
and channel catfish exposed to 250 μg/L of this drug. Their results demonstrated IBF
is poorly bioconcentrated in both species. However, in a more recent study,
Mezzelani et al. [7] demonstrated mussels exposed to environmental concentrations
of IBF revealed a significant bioaccumulation of the drug.
Like PCT, IBF has been associated with the fluctuation of several oxidative stress
biomarkers in multiple species. Gonzalez-Rey and Bebianno [110] demonstrated the
breakdown of the redox defense system and the prooxidant activity of IBF in
mussels exposed to environmental concentrations of this pollutant. Their results
agree with those reported by Bartoskova et al. [113], Islas-Flores et al. [6], and
Stancova et al. [8], who also demonstrated this pharmaceutical-induced oxidative
stress in zebrafish, common carp, and tench, respectively.
The reproductive damage of IBF at environmental relevant concentrations was
investigated by Han et al. [108]. They exposed fertilized eggs of Japanese medaka to
several concentrations of this drug for 144 days. In their results, IBF induced the
production of vitellogenin in male fish and increased the number of eggs per brood.
Information regarding IBF toxicity effects on behavior and hematological parameters in fish is scarce. Ogueji et al. [114] observed the behavioral responses of
Clarias gariepinus fish exposed to several concentrations of IBF to 96 h. Fishes
exposed to the drug exhibited abnormal behavior characterized by regurgitation of
food, jerky movements, and loss of equilibrium. Furthermore, the acute exposure of
the African catfish to IBF also resulted in the alteration of several hematological
parameters, such as the increase of red blood count, hemoglobin, pack cell volume,
and leukocytes.
4.4 Acetylsalicylic Acid
ASA may cause a negative impact on some biomarkers connected with the production of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Zivna et al. [117] exposed zebrafish
larvae to several concentrations of this pollutant for 28 days. After the exposure,
larvae demonstrated the activity of multiple antioxidant enzymes increased, whereas
lipid peroxidation depleted. Two years later, Zivna et al. [119] also demonstrated
ASA altered the activity of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in common
carp embryos exposed to this NSAID. However, in this case, the antioxidant activity
diminished and lipid peroxidation increased.
In addition to the oxidative stress study, Zivna et al. [119] assessed the toxic
effects of ASA on the growth and development of common carp embryos. Developmental abnormalities, such as hyperpigmentation, lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis,
intestinal damage, and lower body weight, were found in larvae exposed to ASA.
30
G. A. Elizalde-Velázquez and L. M. Gómez-Oliván