9. Peña-Guzmán C et al (2019) Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: a
review of the current literature. J Environ Manage 237:408–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jenvman.2019.02.100
10. Offiong N-A et al (2019) Risk evaluation of pharmaceutical residues in waste water from
selected treatment plants in Gwangju, South Korea. J Chem Soc Nigeria 44(3):504–514
11. Gworek B et al (2019) Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment. Fate and behaviour, ecotoxicology and risk assessment – a review. Acta Pol Pharm 76:397–407. https://doi.org/10.32383/
appdr/103368
12. Česen M et al (2018) Seasonal and spatial variations in the occurrence, mass loadings and
removal of compounds of emerging concern in the Slovene aqueous environment and environmental risk assessment. Environ Pollut 242:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.
052
13. Subari SN et al (2017) Occurrence, source apportionment and environmental risk assessment of
pharmaceuticals in Klang river, Malaysia. Pertanika J Sci Technol 25:119–128
14. Kummerová M et al (2015) Possible ecological risk of two pharmaceuticals diclofenac and
paracetamol demonstrated on a model plant Lemna minor. J Hazard Mater 302:351–361.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.057
15. Lolić A et al (2015) Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ
508:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
16. la Farré M et al (2008) Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and
transformation products in the aquatic environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 27
(11):991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.010
17. Gonzalez-Rey M, Bebianno MJ (2014) Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) diclofenac exposure in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol
148:818–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.011
18. Pounds N et al (2008) Acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen in the mollusc Planorbis carinatus
(Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70(1):47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2007.07.003
19. Hernando MD et al (2006) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in
wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta 69(2 SPEC. ISS):334–342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037
20. Yamamoto H et al (2007) Initial ecological risk assessment of eight selected human pharmaceuticals in Japan. Environ Sci 14(4):177–193
21. Kim Y et al (2007) Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem
and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea. Environ Int 33
(3):370–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.017
22. Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2007) Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically
active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study: Seville city (Spain). Environ Int
33(4):596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.014
23. Martín J et al (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from
wastewater treatment plants: removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and
sludge disposal. J Hazard Mater 239–240:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.
068
24. Bouissou-Schurtz C et al (2014) Ecological risk assessment of the presence of pharmaceutical
residues in a French national water survey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 69(3):296–303. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.006
25. Gamarra JS et al (2015) Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of diclofenac and ibuprofen: a
public health perspective. Chemosphere 120:462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2014.08.020
26. Mendoza A et al (2015) Pharmaceuticals and iodinated contrast media in a hospital wastewater:
a case study to analyse their presence and characterise their environmental risk and hazard.
Environ Res 140:225–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.003
Risk Evaluation and Legal Framework of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. . .
335
review of the current literature. J Environ Manage 237:408–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jenvman.2019.02.100
10. Offiong N-A et al (2019) Risk evaluation of pharmaceutical residues in waste water from
selected treatment plants in Gwangju, South Korea. J Chem Soc Nigeria 44(3):504–514
11. Gworek B et al (2019) Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment. Fate and behaviour, ecotoxicology and risk assessment – a review. Acta Pol Pharm 76:397–407. https://doi.org/10.32383/
appdr/103368
12. Česen M et al (2018) Seasonal and spatial variations in the occurrence, mass loadings and
removal of compounds of emerging concern in the Slovene aqueous environment and environmental risk assessment. Environ Pollut 242:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.
052
13. Subari SN et al (2017) Occurrence, source apportionment and environmental risk assessment of
pharmaceuticals in Klang river, Malaysia. Pertanika J Sci Technol 25:119–128
14. Kummerová M et al (2015) Possible ecological risk of two pharmaceuticals diclofenac and
paracetamol demonstrated on a model plant Lemna minor. J Hazard Mater 302:351–361.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.057
15. Lolić A et al (2015) Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ
508:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
16. la Farré M et al (2008) Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and
transformation products in the aquatic environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 27
(11):991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.010
17. Gonzalez-Rey M, Bebianno MJ (2014) Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) diclofenac exposure in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol
148:818–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.011
18. Pounds N et al (2008) Acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen in the mollusc Planorbis carinatus
(Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70(1):47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2007.07.003
19. Hernando MD et al (2006) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in
wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta 69(2 SPEC. ISS):334–342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037
20. Yamamoto H et al (2007) Initial ecological risk assessment of eight selected human pharmaceuticals in Japan. Environ Sci 14(4):177–193
21. Kim Y et al (2007) Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem
and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea. Environ Int 33
(3):370–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.017
22. Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2007) Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically
active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study: Seville city (Spain). Environ Int
33(4):596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.014
23. Martín J et al (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from
wastewater treatment plants: removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and
sludge disposal. J Hazard Mater 239–240:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.
068
24. Bouissou-Schurtz C et al (2014) Ecological risk assessment of the presence of pharmaceutical
residues in a French national water survey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 69(3):296–303. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.006
25. Gamarra JS et al (2015) Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of diclofenac and ibuprofen: a
public health perspective. Chemosphere 120:462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2014.08.020
26. Mendoza A et al (2015) Pharmaceuticals and iodinated contrast media in a hospital wastewater:
a case study to analyse their presence and characterise their environmental risk and hazard.
Environ Res 140:225–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.003
Risk Evaluation and Legal Framework of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. . .
335