environmental effects from medicinal products and provide an analysis of the
relevance and effectiveness of the current legislative framework in protecting the
aquatic environment and human health via the aquatic environment”; and from this,
three pharmaceuticals were added to the watch list, including diclofenac.
3 Conclusions
Since 1990, the concern about the presence of trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals in different bodies of water and the risk they represent for the health of both
organisms and humans has led to the so-called emerging pollutants being more
found in different parts of the world, and between them, one of the most studied
groups due to their high consumption is that of NSAIDs, of which high concentrations in effluents as well as various toxic effects have been reported, in addition to
several of them being considered as high risk for aquatic organisms, which has led to
the emergence of efforts in various countries to regulate their presence in the
environment; however, it remains insufficient, and a global action is required to
ensure the decrease in concentrations in the environment and their correct use.
References
1. Boxall ABA et al (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what
are the big questions? Environ Health Perspect 120(9):1221–1229. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.
1104477
2. EMA (2006) EMEA Guidance for RA (June), pp 1–12. http://www.emea.eu.int
3. Ziylan A, Ince NH (2011) The occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water: treatability by conventional and non-conventional
processes. J Hazard Mater 187(1–3):24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.057
4. Mainero Rocca L et al (2015) Occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in surface
waters of Central Italy by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Environ
Anal Chem 95(8):685–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2015.1046059
5. Acuña V et al (2015) Occurrence and in-stream attenuation of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in Iberian rivers. Sci Total Environ 503–504:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2014.05.067
6. Li Y et al (2019) Prioritization of pharmaceuticals in water environment in China based on
environmental criteria and risk analysis of top-priority pharmaceuticals. J Environ Manage
253:109732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109732
7. Ashfaq M et al (2019) Occurrence, spatial variation and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and
personal care products in urban wastewater, canal surface water, and their sediments: a case
study of Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 688:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2019.06.285
8. Kötke D et al (2019) Prioritised pharmaceuticals in German estuaries and coastal waters:
Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Environ Pollut 255(1):113161. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113161
334
J. D. Cardoso-Vera et al.
relevance and effectiveness of the current legislative framework in protecting the
aquatic environment and human health via the aquatic environment”; and from this,
three pharmaceuticals were added to the watch list, including diclofenac.
3 Conclusions
Since 1990, the concern about the presence of trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals in different bodies of water and the risk they represent for the health of both
organisms and humans has led to the so-called emerging pollutants being more
found in different parts of the world, and between them, one of the most studied
groups due to their high consumption is that of NSAIDs, of which high concentrations in effluents as well as various toxic effects have been reported, in addition to
several of them being considered as high risk for aquatic organisms, which has led to
the emergence of efforts in various countries to regulate their presence in the
environment; however, it remains insufficient, and a global action is required to
ensure the decrease in concentrations in the environment and their correct use.
References
1. Boxall ABA et al (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what
are the big questions? Environ Health Perspect 120(9):1221–1229. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.
1104477
2. EMA (2006) EMEA Guidance for RA (June), pp 1–12. http://www.emea.eu.int
3. Ziylan A, Ince NH (2011) The occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water: treatability by conventional and non-conventional
processes. J Hazard Mater 187(1–3):24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.057
4. Mainero Rocca L et al (2015) Occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in surface
waters of Central Italy by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Environ
Anal Chem 95(8):685–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2015.1046059
5. Acuña V et al (2015) Occurrence and in-stream attenuation of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in Iberian rivers. Sci Total Environ 503–504:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2014.05.067
6. Li Y et al (2019) Prioritization of pharmaceuticals in water environment in China based on
environmental criteria and risk analysis of top-priority pharmaceuticals. J Environ Manage
253:109732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109732
7. Ashfaq M et al (2019) Occurrence, spatial variation and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and
personal care products in urban wastewater, canal surface water, and their sediments: a case
study of Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 688:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2019.06.285
8. Kötke D et al (2019) Prioritised pharmaceuticals in German estuaries and coastal waters:
Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Environ Pollut 255(1):113161. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113161
334
J. D. Cardoso-Vera et al.