Table 4
Toxic effects produced by NSAIDs
NSAIDs
Species
Concentrations
Time Results
Source
Diclofenac
Salmo trutta
f. fario
0.5, 5, 50
μg/L
7 d
14 d
21 d
Ht, serum lysozyme activity
#
Ht, Lt
#
Serum lysozyme activity
"
Histopathology: monocyte infiltration in the liver; telangiectasis in the gills; intersticial hyaline droplets,
interstitial proteinaceous
fluid, and mild tubular necrosis in the trunk kidney
Immunohistology: granulocyte in gill
filaments ";
MHC II expression in the kidney
"
Hoeger et al. [87]
Oryzias latipes
1 mg/L
9 d
Time to eat the midge larvae
"
Medaka did not eat the midge larvae at all
Nassef et al. [93]
Danio rerio
1.48, 2.95, 5.9, 11.9, 23.7
72 h
From 1.5 mg/L and upward effects were yolk sac and
tail deformation
From 2.9 mg/L and upward effects were growth and
hatching retardation
NOEC
¼ 1.5 mg/L
EC
50
¼ 5.3 mg/L
Van den Brandhof
and Montforts [91]
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
0, 0.5, 1, 5, 25
μg/L
21 d
Concentrations of diclofenac in the bile
¼
315À13,364 ng/mL
BAF
¼ 509–657
COX1 mRNA, COX2 mRNA expression
#
CYP1a1 mRNA expression in the liver and gills
"
CYP1a1 mRNA expression in the kidney
#
Histopathology: tubular necrosis in the kidney and
hyperplasia and fusion of the villi in the intestine
Mehinto et al. [89]
Dreissena
polymorpha
95, 318, 637 ng/L
96 h
Negligible cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on zebra
mussel hemocytes
Negligible effect on the activities of antioxidant and
detoxifying enzymes
Parolini et al. [94]
20
G. A. Elizalde-Velázquez and L. M. Gómez-Oliván